KOKOA
Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka bacteria, he mea maʻamau ke noʻonoʻo i nā mea liʻiliʻi hiki ʻole ke ʻike me ka ʻole o ka microscope. Akā, ʻaʻole kūpono ia no kahi huakini hou i ʻike ʻia ma nā mangroves o ka Caribbean. ʻO kekahi nona ka nui i ʻike ʻia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke hiki i 2 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 5.000 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kekahi o kāna congeners. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia pilikua maoli o ka honua bacteria he genome nui ʻaʻole e lana kaʻawale i loko o ka cell, e like me ka mea maʻamau i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, akā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi membrane, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia o nā cell i ʻoi aku ka holomua a paʻakikī, e like me nā mea i hoʻokumu i ke kino kanaka.
E like me ka wehewehe ʻana o nā mea noiʻi ma kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka server bioRxiv, hiki ke lilo i 'loulou nalo' maoli i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā cell paʻakikī. ʻO kekahi o nā māhele maʻamau o ke ola e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūʻulu ʻelua: prokaryotes, nā cell maʻalahi, me ka ʻole o ka nucleus i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia a ua puʻunaue ʻia nā mea genetic i loko o kona loko; a me nā eukaryotes, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale, me kahi nucleus i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane e mālama ai i ka DNA makamae a me nā ʻāpana e hana ana i nā hana like ʻole. No ka hui mua ka bacteria a me nā microbes unicellular āpau o ke aupuni o ka archaea. ʻO ka lua, ʻo nā pūnaewele a pau i hana i nā meaola paʻakikī, mai nā mea hū maʻalahi a hiki i ke kanaka.
Ua kaha ʻia ka palena
Akā, ʻo ka huakini hou i ʻike ʻia e pōʻalo nei i ka laina ma waena o nā prokaryotes a me nā eukaryotes. Eia hou, ua hele mai ʻo Olivier Gros, he mea olaola ma ke Kulanui o nā Antilles Farani a me ka mea kākau o ka ʻatikala, i ke ʻano mea ʻē, ma ke ʻano o ka filament a ua ulu ma nā lau o nā kumu lāʻau mangal palaho. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i ʻelima mau makahiki ma hope mai ʻo ia i ʻike ai he bacteria kēlā mau mea ola. A ma waho aʻe o ko lākou nui, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i ko lākou ʻano kūikawā a hiki i kēia manawa, i ka wā i lawe ai kahi haumāna puka puka Gros, ʻo Jean-Marie Volland, i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā lākou.
I loko o ka maʻi bacteria, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa ʻo Volland i ʻelua mau ʻeke membrane i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i loaʻa nā DNA āpau o ka cell. Wahi a ka mea ʻepekema, he "ʻanuʻu hou nui" ia e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā lālani hope o ke ola e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma mua. ʻO ka manawa kēia e hoʻohuli i kā mākou wehewehe ʻana i nā prokaryotes a me nā eukaryotes.
ʻO ka ʻeke ʻelua paha ke kumu i ulu nui ai kēia mau bacteria. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua like ia me nā maʻi bacteria ʻai sulfur ʻē aʻe (ʻaʻole naʻe) i loaʻa ma Namibia i ka makahiki 1999. ʻO ka ʻeke, i hoʻopiha ʻia paha i ka wai, ʻo ia ka 73% o ka nui o ka nui o ka bacteria. A hāʻawi ʻia i kona ʻano like me ko Namibia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hui ma ka ʻano like ʻole a ua manaʻo ʻia ka inoa ʻo Thiomargarita magnifica.
ʻO ka mea nui loa i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe noiʻi he 2 knm ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai lākou e manaʻoʻiʻo ana he nui aʻe paha. ʻO ka ʻeke DNA, i ʻoki ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka maʻi bacteria, ua hōʻike i kahi genome nui: ʻo kahi auneke o hoʻokahi miliona mau kumu i loaʻa i ka huina o 11.000 mau genes i ʻike maopopo ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i nā genome bacteria ka awelika o ʻehā miliona kumu a ma kahi o 3.900 genes.
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana, he kūʻē loa ia i ka manaʻo maʻamau he mau mea ola lohi ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria, ʻeke protein maʻalahi a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i nā hana o ke ola paʻakikī. Me he mea lā, he mea mamao loa mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
