Amaxesha alishumi amandla okugcina ngaphezu kwegraphite, izinto ezisetyenziswa kude kube ngoku kwiibhetri ze-lithium ion ukukhuthaza ukutshaja. Esi sisizathu sokuqikelelwa kokusetyenziswa kwesilicon kule minyaka izayo, zombini 'kwii-smartphones' kunye nezixhobo kunye nakwii-anode zeebhetri zemoto (icandelo apho iVolkswagen isandula ukubhengeza ulwakhiwo oluzayo lwe-gigafactory eSagunto. ukwenza iibhetri zeemoto zombane, kunye nesizukulwana esilindelekileyo semisebenzi engama-3.000). Kwaye iinkampani ezifana neSila Nanotechnologies, e-United States, ziqinisekisile ukuqala kokuveliswa kweeyunithi zabo zokuqala zebhetri kunye nale mineral.
ISpain inamaziko ophando amaninzi asebenza kule minerali, eyesibini ininzi kakhulu kwi-crust yomhlaba kwaye ifikeleleke ngakumbi kune-graphite (njengamanye amaxesha amaninzi -umzekelo, 'imihlaba enqabileyo'-, kunye ne-Chinese hegemony ), njengoko ikhoyo amatye okanye isanti, kwaye yakuba ikhutshiwe, inokuqalisa umjikelo wayo wobomi oluncedo.
Yiloo nto abayenzayo kwi-Floatech, i-spin-off ye-IMDEA Materials (iziko lophando elidityaniswe noLuntu lwaseMadrid), lixhaswa nguJuan José Vilatela kunye noRichard Schäufele, inxalenye yeqela le-Multifunctional Nanocomposites Group.
Ngoku nakwixesha elizayo
U-Vilatela, injineli yendalo evela kwi-Universidad Iberoamericanna de México kunye nodokotela ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, igxininisa ingundoqo yokusebenza nale nto: kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima kunye nobukhulu ".
Njengomqondiso womphandi, i-innovation igxininise ekucoceni inkqubo ukuba ibe yinto yonke indawo 'kwindawo ehloniphekileyo' enkulu yokuvelisa, ixabiso eliphantsi ... kunye nokubuyiswa kwemveliso ezinzileyo: "I-Silicon idinga inkqubo yokuguqulwa kwisixhobo, kuba ethi ku-Floatech kupheliswe zonke izinyibilikisi kunye nenkqubo yokuxuba, ngoko ke imeko yokusingqongileyo iya kuncitshiswa”. Ukhenketho phakathi kwendawo yotyalo-mali, ngenjongo yokwakha isityalo sokuqala sokulinga kwi-2023 kunye nokuba nemveliso elungele i-2025 (baye bafumana inkxaso yeBhunga loPhando lwaseYurophu, kwiprojekthi yokugqwesa kuphando).
Ewe kunjalo, nangona i-silicon iza ilayishwe ngezibonelelo, inika imfuneko ethile, njengokuqhekeka kwayo ngenxa yotshintsho oluqhubekayo lwevolumu yenkqubo yokutshaja kunye nokukhupha kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion. Ngale ndlela, uCarmen Morant, unjingalwazi weFiziksi eSetyenzisiweyo kwiYunivesithi yaseMadrid eAutonomous, ubalaselisa ukubaluleka kwesi simbiwa: "Iyathembisa kakhulu njengesixhobo se-anode kwiibhetri ze-lithium, kuba yeyona nto inamandla aphakamileyo. kwaye kuninzi kakhulu ngendalo. Inokubaluleka kakhulu, umzekelo, ekugcinweni kwamandla avuselelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeenguqu ezinkulu zevolumu ezenzeka kwisingeniso / ukukhutshwa kwe-lithium kwi-silicon, apho izinto zinyuka kwaye ziyancipha umthamo ukuya kumaxesha amane, i-anode iqhekeza, ikhefu kwaye ibhetri ilahlekelwa ukuzinza. Ngesi sizathu, sifunda indlela yokunyusa ubomi obuluncedo bezi bhetri ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikwimilinganiselo emincinci, njengomzekelo, iifilimu zesilicon ezibhityileyo kunye nesilicon nanowires”.
Isisombululo ibe linyathelo lomzimba eliyimfuneko, njengoko uMorant esitsho, "ngokusebenza ngezaleko ezibhityileyo zesilicon kunye nokwenza ii-silicon nanowires ezilungelelanisiweyo. Ukuyijonga ngeso lengqondo, kuya kuba yinto efana ne-spikes yeentlungu, phakathi kwezo zithuba zokwandisa umthamo zinokuthi zifakwe ngexesha leenkqubo zokulayisha ". Ingcali iphinda ibonise ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini ze-silicon kule ntsimi: "i-crystalline (ixabiso elithe xaxa kwaye ayinakuthengiseka), kunye ne-amorphous, i-porous kwaye inokuthi 'ifakwe' ngokuqaliswa kwezixhobo ukuze ihlale ihleli. i-conductive ngakumbi, apho siphanda ngentsebenziswano kunye neQela leZixhobo zeSilicon eziDipoziweyo, i-Photovoltaic Solar Energy Unit yeCIEMAT (iZiko laMandla, iNdalo kunye noPhando lweTekhnoloji)”.
Kwimeko kaMarta Cabello, umphandi we-postdoctoral kwiqela lophando lwe-Cell Prototyping kwi-CIC energiGUNE, ugxininisa indlela, kude kube ngoku, imboni isebenzise ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu le-silicon kwi-anodes, phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-8%. Kwaye iqaqambisa intatho-nxaxheba yeziko kwiprojekthi yaseYurophu i-3beLiEVe, “enjongo yayo ikukomeleza isikhundla sebhetri yaseYurophu kunye noshishino lweemoto kwimarike yexesha elizayo yezithuthi zombane kunye nokubonelela ngesizukulwana sokuqala seebhetri eziyilwe zaze zenziwa eYurophu. Kule projekthi ukuqaliswa kwe-silica kwizinto ze-anode kuphandwa.
Olu phuhliso lweziko, elise-Álava Technology Park, lwandulelwa kukuthatha inxaxheba kwenye iprojekthi ebalaseleyo yaseYurophu iGraphene Flagship Core 2, “apho uphando lwenziwa kwi-silicon anodes edityaniswe negraphene, ilawula ukulinganisa le ndibaniselwano yezinto zayo. ubunzima bemveliso".
Ixesha elitsha
Ngenxa yokuzinza, uCabello ubonisa ukuba ukunyuka kwamandla ebhetri kuya kwenza kube lula ukuba neemoto zombane ezineebhetri ezikwazi ukubonelela ngeekhilomitha ezingaphezulu ukuze zigcinwe ngentlawulo enye: i-industrial base lithium-ion ibhetri kwi-silicon anodes. zincitshiswa zibe zincinci, kukuba ukwenziwa kunye nenkqubo yezi anodes iqhutywa kwindawo enamanzi, kude ne-solvents ye-organic edla ngokusetyenziswa, enetyhefu kwaye inciphisa ukhuseleko lweebhetri ".
Enye into ephawulekayo kukuba i-Ferroglobe, inkampani yaseSpain, kunye ne-Little Electric Cars, ekhethiweyo kwiprojekthi yesibini ye-pan-European uphando kunye neprojekthi ye-innovation (IPCEI) ehlanganisa yonke ikhonkco lexabiso lebhetri.
Umvelisi ohamba phambili we-silicon yesinyithi kunye ne-silicon-manganese ferroalloys, unesiseko sabathengi behlabathi jikelele kwiimarike eziguqukayo nezikhula ngokukhawuleza ezifana nelanga, iimoto, iimveliso zabathengi, ulwakhiwo kunye necandelo lamandla, kunye nezityalo zokwenza eSpain, eFransi, eNorway. , eMzantsi Afrika, eUnited States, eKhanada, eArgentina naseTshayina (amaziko okuvelisa angama-26, aneoveni ezingama-69 ehlabathini lonke, nabasebenzi abamalunga nama-3400 XNUMX ehlabathini lonke) .
Kwiziko layo le-Innovation kunye ne-R & D (eSabón, eLa Coruña), kunye ne-silica metallurgical factory, ekuphela kwayo eSpain, iFerroglobe iqalise isicwangciso sobuchule sokuphuhlisa i-silicon powder (micrometric kunye ne-nanometric) ye-anode ye-lithium. iibhetri ze-ion. “Inkampani (bayayichaza) ifuna ukubonelela ngezisombululo kumngeni okhoyo ngoku ojongene neshishini leemoto kunye nokushukumiseka, njengokukhuthaza inguqu eya kubuchwephesha obuzinzileyo nobungathathi hlangothi kwimozulu. Kulo mongo, iibhetri ziyitekhnoloji ephambili kolu tshintsho, kodwa kuyafuneka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukubonelela ngezinto eziphambili eziyimfuneko ukuze zenze ". Imeko yamazwe ngamazwe apho i-silicon isekwe njengenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zeshumi leminyaka lokuqala ukucacisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwenzuzo kunye nokuzinza.
