Apho sivela khona kwaye yintoni esenza sibe ngabantu yimibuzo emibini emikhulu yenzululwazi. Isazi sebhayoloji saseSweden kunye nesazi semfuza uSvante Pääbo (Stockholm, 1955) uye waqatshelwa kulo nyaka ngeNobel Prize in Medicine ngegalelo lakhe elimangalisayo ekuphenduleni le mibuzo ngesixhobo: prehistoric DNA.
Ngo-2010, umphandi walandelelanisa i-genome ye-Neanderthal, isihlobo esingasekhoyo sabantu banamhlanje. Ukongeza, ufumene enye i-hominid eyayingaziwa ngaphambili, leyo yaseDenisova. Siye safunda abo bavunyelweyo ukuba bagqibe kwelokuba abantu bale mihla baphethe imfuza kwezi ntlobo zimbini zamandulo, esiye sanxulumana nazo emva kokufuduka e-Afrika malunga neminyaka engama-70.000 eyadlulayo. Sisenempembelelo yethu. Ngokomzekelo, kwindlela amajoni ethu omzimba asabela ngayo kwizifo.
Umsebenzi ka-Pääbo, ovunyiweyo liqumrhu labachopheli-matyala kwiZiko laseKarolinska eSweden “njengobalulekileyo”, uvelise uqeqesho olutsha ngokupheleleyo lwenzululwazi: i-paleogenomics. Ngo-2018 bekukho umahluko kuyo ngembasa yeNkosazana yase-Asturias. Esi sesokuqala sokuba uNobel avume uphando ngendaleko yomntu, ngokwembali egxile kwimilo yeefosili, kodwa isazi ngebhayoloji saseSweden sadibanisa imizila yemfuza njengendlela entsha yokwazi imvelaphi yethu. Wathi akuva ngewonga lakhe, uPääbo ngokwakhe uye wavuma ukuba wothukile: " Andizange ndicinge ukuba [izinto endizifumeneyo] zingandifumana iBhaso likaNobel. Okumangalisayo kukuba, utata wakhe, uSune Bergström, sele efumene ibhaso leNobel yezoNyango ngo-1982 ngokufumanisa kwakhe iihomoni. UPääbo unefani kamama wakhe, usokhemisti wase-Estonia uKarin Pääbo.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, umphandi wayenomdla kukwazi ukusebenzisa iindlela zanamhlanje zofuzo ukufunda i-DNA ye-Neanderthals. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza okanye kamva amagcisa agqithisileyo ayaqonda ukuba oku kubandakanya ntoni, kuba emva kwamawaka eminyaka i-DNA iyancipha kakhulu, ihlukaniswe kwaye ingcolisekile.
Yaqala yavelisa iindlela ezisulungekileyo. Iinzame zakhe zahlawulwa ngeminyaka yoo-90, xa uPääbo wanyanzelela ulandelelwano lwengingqi ye-mitochondrial DNA ukusuka kwithambo le-40.000 leminyaka ubudala. Ngethuba lokuqala, sebenzisa ukufikelela kulandelelwano lwesihlobo esiphelileyo. Ukuthelekiswa nabantu beli xesha kunye neetshimpanzi kubonise ukuba iiNeanderthal zahlukene ngokwemfuza.
IiDenisovans
Isekwe kwiMax Planck Institute eLeipzig, eJamani, iPääbo neqela lakhe baqhubela phambili. Ngo-2010 bafezekise into ebonakala ingenakwenzeka ngokupapasha ulandelelwano lokuqala lwe-Neanderthal genome. Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lubonise ukuba ulandelelwano lwe-Neanderthal DNA lwalufana kakhulu nolandelelwano olusuka kubantu banamhlanje abasuka eYurophu okanye e-Asiya kunabo baseAfrika. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiNeanderthals kunye neesapiens zaziphila ngexesha leminyaka yazo yokuhlalisana kwilizwekazi elingumama. Kubantu bale mihla baseYurophu okanye baseAsia, malunga ne-1-4% yegenome yiNeanderthal.
Kwi-2008, isiqwenga se-40.000 esineminyaka engama-6 yelitye lomunwe sifunyenwe kwi-Denisova Basin kwindawo esezantsi yeSiberia. Ithambo liqulathe i-DNA egcinwe ngokugqwesileyo, elathi iqela likaPääbo lalandelelanisa. Iziphumo zabangela uvakalelo: yayiyi-hominid eyayingaziwa ngaphambili, inikwe iDenisovan nom. Uthelekiso nolandelelwano lwabantu banamhlanje abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi lubonise ukuba zombini ezi ntlobo zazalana. Olu dlelwane lubonwa ikakhulu kubantu abavela eMelanesia nakwamanye amazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, nabantu abane-XNUMX% ye-Denisovan DNA.
"Funa into engenakwenzeka"
Ngenxa yezinto ezifunyenwe nguSvante Pääbo, ngoku kuyaqondwa ukuba ulandelelwano lwemizila yemfuza yakudala ephuma kwizalamane zethu ezingasekhoyo zinempembelelo kwiphysiology yabantu bale mihla. Umzekelo wale nto yinguqulo yeDenisovan ye-EPAS1 yofuzo, ekuxhomekeke kuyo inzuzo yokusinda kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwaye ixhaphake phakathi kwamaTibet anamhlanje. Eminye imizekelo yemfuza yayo ziiNeanderthals eziphembelela impendulo entsha yamajoni omzimba ngokuchasene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zosulelo, kubandakanya iCovid-19.
UJuan Luis Arsuaga, umlawuli-ndawonye weziza eSierra de Atapuerca (eBurgos), usebenzisane izihlandlo ezininzi nengcali yebhayoloji yaseSweden. «Banike ibhaso kumhlobo. Kwinqanaba lomntu, ukusebenza noNobel kuyancomeka. Ukongeza, ivule umgca omtsha wophando. Ufanelekile kuba unguvulindlela, umbonisi, "uxelele eli phephandaba, ngelixa ekhumbula ukuba i-DNA endala ye-Sima de los Huesos, e-Atapuerca.
Isazi ngebhayoloji uCarles Lalueza Fox, umlawuli omtsha we-Barcelona Museum of Natural Sciences, unoluvo olufanayo kwaye usebenzisana no-Pääbo kuhlalutyo lweendawo zokutyela zaseNeanderthal kwindawo yase-Asturian yase-El Sidrón. “Unguvulindlela, ufuna izinto ezingenakwenzeka,” uyayichaza loo nto. "Enkosi kwinto yokuba uye wakwazi ukusebenza, siyazi ukuba indaleko yabantu yayintsonkothile kakhulu kunokuba besicinga, kunye neminqamlezo yemigca eyahlukeneyo, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo nakwiindawo zehlabathi, isenza uhlobo lothungelwano," utshilo. ngaphandle.
Izinto ezifunyaniswe nguPääbo zisinceda ukuba sive ukuba singoobani na, yintoni esahlulayo kwezinye iintlobo zabantu kwaye yintoni eyenza eyethu ibe yodwa ebusweni boMhlaba. IiNeanderthal, njengeesapien, zazihlala ngokwamaqela, zineengqondo ezinkulu, izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, zingcwaba abafileyo bazo, zipheka yaye zihombisa imizimba yazo.
Bade benza umzobo womqolomba, njengoko kuboniswe kwimizobo esusela kwiminyaka engama-64.000 eyadlulayo efunyenwe kwimiqolomba emithathu yaseSpain: iLa Pasiega eCantabria, iMaltravieso eCáceres kunye neArdales eMálaga. Ayefana nathi kodwa ayenokwahlukana kwemfuza awathi uPääbo wayiveza elubala yaye nto leyo enokuchaza isizathu sokuba banyamalale yaye siselapha nangoku.
