The thirties akanga asina kunaka kuti varatidze ivo pachavo vachipesana nehutungamiri hwezvematongerwo enyika hweUSSR. Kusvika panguva yehondo, kusimuka kweNazi uye kurwisana kukuru kweEurope mukondinendi yekare, Bere guru reRussia raifanira kuwedzera hudzvanyiriri hweStalinist hwakadzika munhoroondo seGreat Purge. Kana Kutyisa Kukuru, semunyori wenhoroondo weBritish Robert Conquest ari kurwisana nemweya inopikisa nemudzvanyiriri mutsvuku weropa Joseph Stalin. Nhamba idzi dzinozvitaurira: vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni nehafu vakasungwa uye vakaendeswa kune vakawanda Gulags neNKVD, People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs. Uye pakati pavo, 750.000 XNUMX vakaguma vaurayiwa. Pane zvishoma zvekuratidza kweiyo Great Purge yakarongedzerwa neyepamusoro comrade. Uye, kunyangwe zvakadaro, mavanga anoramba achionekwa anosimbisa kushushikana kwaStalin nekubvisa USSR yevanopikisa. Humbowo huchangoburwa hwakawanikwa neboka repasi rose rema geneticists kubva kuPomeranian Medical University. Nyanzvi dzakasimbisa, kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kweDNA kuongororwa, kuzivikanwa kwevaGeorgia vatatu vakawanikwa padyo neimba yemamongi muBatumi, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwedunhu. Vese, vakawirwa neKutyisa kukuru kwemakumi matatu. Humbowo hwegumi nembiri hwekupenga kwePolitburo, asi chiitiko chakakosha padanho resainzi uye renhoroondo. Stalin, panguva yakatevedzana yekutaura kwake kweABC Chidzidzo ichi, chakaitwa neboka guru revasayendisiti kubva kumayunivhesiti akasiyana-siyana, chakatanga nekuwanikwa kwezvakasara zveavo makumi maviri nevanomwe vakaurayiwa neGreat Purge mune yambotaurwa. Vanamazvikokota vanozopa zano rekutora DNA yemushakabvu kubva pabhonzo ravo uye vanozokurudzirwa kuti vagadzirise genetic profiles. Basa rakaoma, asi kwete zvisingaiti. Chinangwa chikuru chaive chekuda kuziva kuti aive ani kuti adzorere runyararo kuvazukuru vake. "Boka revanhu vangadai vakavigwa ipapo rakasarudzwa vachishandisa Georgian neAmerica nhoroondo yedata uye anthropological research sehwaro," akatsanangura Andrzej Ossowski, mukuru weDhipatimendi reForensic Medicine paPomeranian Medical University. "Maresitorendi akawanikwa akachengetedzwa zvakanaka uye masampuli haana kutitendera kuti tiwane emhando yepamusoro mafaera," Ossowski akaudza 'Sayenzi muPoland'. Iyi nhanho yekutanga inoteverwa nemaitiro ekuunganidza kuenzanisa genetic zvinhu kubva kumhuri dzinofungidzirwa dzevakabatwa. Kunze kwemazwi, vaive nemutsara wakananga nenhamba isingaperi yevanoda kukwikwidza. Uye pakanga paine nzira imwe chete yekujekesa zvisingazivikanwe: zvichibva pabvunzo uye mimwe miedzo. Basa racho rakabhadhara uye, pakupedzisira, rakazivisa kuzivikanwa kwevakakuvadzwa ndokuwana hama dzavo. Basa rakaitwa nemazvo rinoratidza, kwenguva yechigumi, kuti kupenga kwaComrade Stalin kwasvika papi. Kuchenesa Kukuru Senge iceberg, muromo wekudzvinyirirwa kwaStalinist waingove chidiki chidiki chehuwandu hwevakafa. Kubva 1930 iyo inonzi Great Purge kana Stalin's Great Terror inoitika. Mazana emitezo yeSoviet Communist Party, masocialists, vanopandukira hurumende, uye vashori vakatambudzwa, vakatongwa, uye pakupedzisira vakapfigirwa, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kuurawa mumisasa yechibharo yegulag. Zvose izvi zvinonzi kuna Stalin kuitira kuti asimbise simba rake uye achenese Trotskyist uye Leninist kupesana kubva kune nhengo dzose dzeSoviet. Panhengo nhanhatu dzePolitburo yekutanga (boka repamusoro rehurumende), Stalin chete ndiye akapona pakusimuka kwake, nepo vana vakaurayiwa uye Trotsky, akadzingwa, aizourayiwa muMexico muna 1940. Sezvaunoziva, panhume 1.966 1934 kuCongress yechi1.108 yeBato reCommunist yakaitwa muna XNUMX, XNUMX XNUMX vakasungwa uye vakapfigirwa mutorongo nokuda kwokuurawa muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa. Macomrades maviri eGumiguru Revolution, Stalin naLenin muna 1917 ABC Iyi mutemo wegulag yakabatawo Red Army. Vatatu vevashanu quarterbacks; 13 pavakuru vemauto gumi nevashanu; 15 pavapfumbamwe maadmirals; 8 vevakuru makumi mashanu nevanomwe vemauto ehondo; 9 vevakuru vemauto 50; macommissars ese emauto uye makumi maviri neshanu e57 commissars emauto eSoviet Union akatongwa uye akatongerwa zvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika. Mhedzisiro yakave kuderedzwa kwesimba rekushanda kweArmed Forces mukutsinhana kwekuwedzera kwekuvimbika kwemafungiro pamberi peHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Vanopenga vakuru, asi vasina ruzivo. Zvichienderana neGreat Purge, Stalin akatanga chirongwa chake chekushandura Russia kubva kunyika yekurima kuenda kune yakasimukira, inokwanisa kumirisana nezvinodiwa zvetekinoroji zveHondo Yenyika II uyezve Cold War. Zvirongwa zvemakore mashanu ehupfumi hwenyika yeUSSR zvakakonzera kukurumidza kusimudzira kweindasitiri, kunyanya iyo peso, pamutengo wechibayiro chakakomba cheHupenyu. Iko kumanikidzwa kusagadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwekurima kwakakonzera, muchikamu chayo chekutanga, nzara huru munzvimbo yese yeSoviet pakati pa1932 na1933. kuve ruzhinji rwevashakabvu vekuUkraine kwakabva. Kwete pasina, munyori wenhau dzakaitika weBritish Robert Conquest akayambira, mubhuku rake 'Kukohwa kwemarwadzo: Kuunganidzwa kweSoviet uye nzara yekutyisa', kuti, kana sampuli yakawedzerwa kubva 1930 kusvika 1937, varimi vakafa vanokwira kusvika kumamiriyoni gumi nerimwe eKuuraya kweUkraine. VaKazakh vane miriyoni imwe vachatambura munzara iyi nokuti vakagariswa pasi nechisimba uye vakatorerwa zvipfuwo zvavo; panguva iyi, muganhu weUkraine wakatambura kurasikirwa nechikafu. Kumanikidza kuunganidzwa kwekurima munharaunda iyi, Stalin akatanga hondo chaiyo kurwisa 'kulaks', varidzi varidzi, zvekuti nzara yakaparadza vagari vekumaruwa uye ikapararira kumaguta. Mapurisa epachivande ari kuita zvekuongorora zvisina tsarukano uye nekupa chikafu chakavanzika kubva kune varimi. Mazana ezviuru zvevaUkraine akaendeswa kune dzimwe nyika muzvirongwa zvekoloni muSiberia, apo aisangana nemamiriro ezvinhu ekudya nyama yevanhu pakati pevaya vaiomerera kuti vagare munyika yevabereki vavo. “Husiku hwega hwega vanounza zvitunha mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, pakati pavo nhamba yakakura kwazvo isina chiropa. Iyo yakabviswa kuburikidza nekucheka kwakakura kwazvo. Mapurisa akanga atora mhosva yevamwe 'vakagura-gura' vanoreurura kuti nenyama iyoyo vakatsiva pirozki (dumplings) dzakabva dzatengeswa pamusika", mumwe mumiriri wedzimwe nyika akatonyora mifananidzo yehugandanga yakateverana muKharkiv. . Apo 'Holodomor' yakasvika pakakwirira, vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva 25.000 XNUMX vakanga vachifa zuva nezuva muUkraine. Nhau Dzinoenderana Aiwa Ivo vanozopedzisira varatidza kuti mauto eSpanish Tercios aive akaita sei: "Kwaivewo nevatema pikemen" Manuel P. Villatoro Juan Víctor Carboneras anoratidza paABC mufananidzo werobhoti wevarwi veGoridhe Age kuburikidza negwaro rinowanikwa muGeneral Archive yeSimancas Kune rufu rwese rwakakonzerwa zvakananga nemirairo yaStalin, tinogona kuwedzera vakakuvara kubva kuHondo Yenyika II. Mukurwisana uku Stalin akakunda mubatanidzwa neNazi Germany pakutanga kwehondo kusvikira kurwisana kweropa nemauto eGermany izvo, kusvikira Soviet yatora Berlin, yakakonzera kufa kwevarwi mamiriyoni 8,5 uye mamiriyoni 17 evanhu, pamwe nekurasikirwa. ye30% yehupfumi hwepanyama hweUSSR yese. Mudzvanyiriri akatsiva zvombo zvakaipa uye kudzidziswa kwevarume vake nenhamba huru dzevarwi: mauto akawanda asingaperi ndiwo aive pfuma yake yakanakisa muhondo. Asi Stalinism haana kurarama chete nokuuraya vokuRussia. Pakati pa1940 na1941, vagari 170.000 XNUMX vomunyika dzeBaltic vakatizira kumisasa yeSoviet. Uye, mumakore akazotevera, kudzingwa kwakadzokororwa kusvika kwasvika 10% yevagari veaimbova marepublic eBaltic, vamwe vanhu zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, kusanganisira vashandi vehurumende nevakangwara. Saizvozvo, kuuraya kwaKatyn kwakatangwa muna 1940 kubviswa kwechimiro chenyika chePoland.
