No hea mai mākou a me ka mea e lilo ai mākou i kanaka ʻelua o nā nīnau nui o ka ʻepekema. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Svante Pääbo (Stockholm, 1955) ka mea olaola Suedena a me ka geneticist i kēia makahiki me ka Nobel Prize in Medicine no kāna mau haʻawina hoihoi i ka pane ʻana i kēia mau nīnau me kahi mea hana: prehistoric DNA.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻokaʻina ka mea noiʻi i ka genome o ka Neanderthal, kahi pili pili o nā kānaka hou. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike i kahi hominid i ʻike mua ʻole ʻia, ʻo Denisova. Ua aʻo mākou i nā mea i ʻae ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka lawe ʻana o nā kānaka hou i nā genes mai kēia mau ʻano kahiko ʻelua, a mākou i pili ai ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana mai ʻApelika ma kahi o 70.000 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kā mākou manaʻo mau. No ka laʻana, ma ke ʻano o kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale ʻana i nā maʻi.
ʻO ka hana a Pääbo, i ʻike ʻia e ke kiure ma ke kula ʻo Karolinska Institute ma Suedena he "mea koʻikoʻi", ua hoʻokumu i kahi aʻo ʻepekema hou loa: paleogenomics. I ka makahiki 2018, aia kahi ʻokoʻa no ia me ka makana Princess of Asturias. ʻO kēia ka mea mua a ka Nobel i ʻike ai i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka, i nānā ʻia i ka mōʻaukala i ke ʻano o nā mōʻalihaku, akā ua hoʻokomo ka mea olaola Suedena i nā genetics ma ke ʻano he ala hou e ʻike ai i ko mākou kumu. ʻAʻole wau i manaʻo e loaʻa iaʻu kahi makana Nobel. " ʻO ka pīhoihoi, ua loaʻa i kona makuakāne, ʻo Sune Bergström, ka makana Nobel no ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma 1982 no kāna ʻike ʻana i nā hormones. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Pääbo i ka inoa o kona makuahine, ʻo Karin Pääbo ka mea chemist Estonia.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana, ua hoihoi ka mea noiʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻano genetic hou e aʻo ai i ka DNA o Neanderthals. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope a ma hope paha, ʻike ka poʻe ʻenehana koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano o kēia, no ka mea ma hope o nā makahiki he mau makahiki ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻia ka DNA, ʻāpana a haumia.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Began i nā ʻano hana maʻemaʻe. Ua uku ʻia kāna mau hana i ka makahiki 90, i ka wā i koi ai ʻo Pääbo i ka hoʻokaʻina ʻana o kahi māhele DNA mitochondrial mai kahi iwi 40.000 makahiki. No ka manawa mua, e hoʻohana i ke komo ʻana i ke kaʻina o ka ʻohana make. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kānaka o kēia wā a me nā chimpanzees i hōʻike ʻia he ʻano ʻokoʻa nā Neanderthal.
Denisovans
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Pääbo a me kāna hui ma Leipzig, Kelemānia ma kahi ʻo Max Planck Institute. I ka makahiki 2010 ua hoʻokō lākou i ka mea hiki ʻole ma ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ke kaʻina mua o ka genome Neanderthal. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike ua ʻoi aku ka like o nā kaʻina DNA Neanderthal me nā kaʻina mai nā kānaka o kēia wā mai ʻEulopa a i ʻAsia paha ma mua o ko ʻApelika. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua noho ʻo Neanderthals a me sapiens i ko lākou mau millennia o ka noho pū ʻana ma ka ʻāina makuahine. I nā kānaka hou o ʻEulopa a ʻAsia paha, ma kahi o 1-4% o ka genome ʻo Neanderthal.
I ka makahiki 2008, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana 40.000 makahiki o ka pōhaku manamana lima ma ka Denisova Basin ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Siberia. Aia i loko o ka iwi ka DNA i mālama maika'i 'ia, i ho'onohonoho 'ia e ka hui o Pääbo. ʻO nā hopena i loaʻa i kahi manaʻo: he hominid i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua, hāʻawi ʻia i ka inoa Denisovan. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kaʻina mai nā kānaka o kēia wā mai nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua i hōʻike ʻia ua hui pū nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻIke mua ʻia kēia pilina ma nā heluna kanaka mai Melanesia a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Asia Hikina Hema, me nā poʻe me 6% Denisovan DNA.
"E ʻimi i ka mea hiki ʻole"
Mahalo i nā mea i ʻike ʻia e Svante Pääbo, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo nā kaʻina gene archaic mai ko mākou mau ʻohana make e hoʻoikaika i ka physiology o nā kānaka hou. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ʻo ka Denisovan version o ka EPAS1 gene, i hilinaʻi ʻia no ka pono ola ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a maʻamau i waena o nā Tibetans hou. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o kāna mau genes ka Neanderthals e hoʻohuli i kahi pane kūlohelohe hou e kūʻē i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole, me Covid-19.
ʻO Juan Luis Arsuaga, ka luna hoʻomalu o nā pūnaewele ma Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos), ua hui pū me ka mea olaola Suedena i nā manawa he nui. "Ua hāʻawi lākou i ka makana i kahi hoaaloha. Ma kahi pae pilikino, he mea kupanaha ka hana ʻana me ka Nobel. Eia kekahi, ua wehe ia i kahi laina noiʻi hou. Pono ʻo ia no ka mea he paionia ʻo ia, he mea ʻike maka," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia i kēia nūpepa, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka DNA kahiko loa no ka Sima de los Huesos, ma Atapuerca.
ʻO ka mea olaola ʻo Carles Lalueza Fox, ka luna hou o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe ʻo Barcelona, ʻo ia ka manaʻo like a ke hui pū nei me Pääbo i ka nānā ʻana i nā hale ʻaina Neanderthal ma ka pūnaewele Asturian o El Sidrón. "He paionia ʻo ia, ʻimi ʻo ia i ka mea hiki ʻole," wehewehe ʻo ia. "Mahalo i ka hiki iā ia ke hana, ʻike mākou ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kanaka ma mua o kā mākou i manaʻo ai, me nā keʻa o nā laina like ʻole, i nā manawa like ʻole a me nā wahi o ka honua, e hana ana i kahi ʻano pūnaewele," wahi āna. i waho.
ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia e Pääbo e kōkua iā kākou e lohe i ko kākou ʻano, he aha ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā kākou mai nā ʻano kanaka ʻē aʻe a he aha ka mea e lilo ai ko kākou mea hoʻokahi ma ka honua. ʻO nā Neanderthal, e like me ka sapiens, noho pūʻulu, nui ka lolo, hoʻohana i nā mea hana, kanu i nā mea make, kuke, a hoʻonani i ko lākou kino.
Ua hana lākou i nā kiʻi ana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā kiʻi pena mai 64.000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ʻike ʻia i loko o ʻekolu mau ana Sepania: La Pasiega ma Cantabria, Maltravieso ma Cáceres a me Ardales ma Málaga. Ua like lākou me mākou akā ua loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia e Pääbo a wehewehe paha i ke kumu o ko lākou nalowale ʻana a eia nō mākou.
