ʻO ka lono o ka lanakila ʻana o ka poʻe Sepania i ke kaua ʻo Bailén, i ka lā 19 o Iulai, 1808, ua laha me he ahi lā. I kekahi lā ma hope mai, ua hiki mua ka lono iā Seville. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ma ka lā 22 e Pedro Agustín Girón, ke kaikaina o ke koa o ke kaua: General Castaños. Ua hoʻomaka koke ka Papa Municipal e hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻano hoʻolauleʻa like ʻole, e like me kā ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo José María Blanco White i kākau ai: “Ua hōʻea wau i ka manawa kūpono e ʻike i ka hauʻoli palena ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pio ʻana o ka pūʻali koa Dupont ma kēia kūlanakauhale. ʻO nā leo a me ke kani ʻana o nā bele Giralda e kani ana ma nā wahi a pau.
Ua laha aku ia ma na kihi a pau o Sepania a me Amerika: Murcia, Zaragoza, Mallorca a i Badajoz, o Caracas a me Mexico City.
ʻO ia ka manawa hoʻokahi i hoʻomaka ai ke ʻano o ka moʻolelo i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka laina e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka moʻolelo. I ka wā mua ma muli o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, a laila he mea kaua ʻē aʻe o ka hakakā. Ua lawe maikaʻi ʻia kēia hana e nā nūpepa, nā ʻāina a me nā haole, nāna i hoʻopuka i ka hōʻike i hana ʻia e Castaños ma ʻEulopa mai ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o General Dupont.
E like me kā Ricardo García Cárcel i ʻōlelo ai ma 'Ka moeʻuhane o ka lāhui paʻa ʻole. ʻO nā moʻolelo moʻolelo o ke Kaua o Independence' (Topics of Today, 2008), hānau ʻia nā moʻolelo, hoʻomohala, make a hoʻāla hou ʻia. ʻO ia ka mea i hana ʻia me kēia kaua ma 1898, e like me Antonio Jesús Maldonado i kāna ʻatikala 'The myth of Bailén during the Cuban War' (2019):
"ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hakakā Spanish-Cuban i ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa ʻo Ilean a ʻo ke komo ʻana ma hope o US e hoʻōla hou i nā hanana i hana ʻia ma Sepania i ʻeiwa mau makahiki i hala. Ua pilikia hou ka ʻāina a ua lohe ka poʻe paʻi ʻo ka mea hana nui e puka ai i waho o ka puʻu i loaʻa ai i ko kākou ʻāina ʻo ia ka mōʻaukala. Ma kēia ala, e hele lākou i ka pūʻali koa Sepania: Navas de Tolosa, Pavía, San Quintín, Zaragoza, Gerona, Vitoria a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Bailén.
ʻO ka makemake o Napoleona
Ma ia manao e hoolohilohi i ka kakou mau hana e ae aku ai i ka manao o ka aina, ua hoomaka ke kuai lilo ia aku o ka puali koa Bailén ma ke ano he mea mua i pio ai na puali kaua o ka Emepera Napoliona nui a me ka haawi pio mua ana mai o kekahi Pualikaua Enelani mai ke kaua ana mai. ʻO Alexandria i ka makahiki 1901 o ka mōʻaukala: hoʻokahi ʻo Cádiz a ʻo kekahi ʻo Barcelona.
ʻO ka mua ke kaua ʻo Poza de Santa Isabel a ʻo ka lua, ʻo ke kaua ʻo Bruch, ʻelua i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o ke kaua i hana ʻia e General Castaños ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jaen. ʻOiai naʻe, maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau poʻomanaʻo ma Google: 'The Battle of Bailén, the first defeat of Napoleon's Army' and 'Bailén, the first defeat of the Napoleonic Army', among others.
Ua paa ka manao o ka Emepera Farani e lanakila ma Europa a e lanakila i ka enemi nui o kona Emepera, o Beritania Nui. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia e pūlima pū me Manuel Godoy, ke Kuhina Nui Sepania a me ke kākoʻo o Charles IV, ke Kuikahi o Fontainebleau i ka makahiki 1807. Me ia mea i loaʻa ai iā ia ka ʻae o ka Mōʻī e hele ma waena o Sepania me nā koa ʻoi aku ma mua o 100.000. ʻO ka pahuhopu, i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Pokukala, akā i kona hele ʻana i ka peninsula ua lanakila ʻo ia ma kahi kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale a pau i loaʻa iā ia ma kona ala, me Madrid.
ke kaua poina
Ua hoʻomaka nā kipi kaulana a kāhea ʻo Sepania i kona mau kamaʻāina. Ua hiki i ke Aupuni ke hōʻiliʻili i 30.000 mau kānaka, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mau militia me ka ʻike ʻole i ke kaua. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o nā mea i ka pule mua o Iune 1808, ka mahina ma mua o ka hui ʻana o General Castaños lāua ʻo General Dupont ma Bailén. I hoʻokahi makahiki i hala aku nei, ua haʻi aku ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Lourdes Márquez Carmona iā ABC, ʻoiai ʻo ia mai Cádiz, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i ke ʻano o ke kaua ʻo Poza de Santa Isabel ma waena o Iune 9 a me 14, 1808, ma kahi kuʻu kahiko ma ke kai kūʻē i ke kai. La Carraca arsenal, ma Puerto Real.
“He mea kupanaha ka nānā ʻole ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo a ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke haʻi aku iā ʻoe i ke kumu, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, no ka mea, he mea nui ia. I ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka lanakila mua ʻana o Napoliona i ke Kaua Kūʻokoʻa ma Bailén, i Iulai 1808, ʻaʻole ia he ʻoiaʻiʻo loa. Ma ʻaneʻi, hoʻokahi mahina ma mua, i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka admiral Pelekane ʻo Rosily i ka poʻe Andalusia, "wahi āna.
Ua ʻike ʻo Márquez Carmona he hanana ia, i ka wā i lawe mai ai ka moʻopuna nui a Michel Maffiotte - he luina Farani i komo ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o ka moku Indomptable i kēlā kaua me ke poʻo o ka pūʻali koa Farani, ʻo Adimarala Rosily - lawe mai iā ia i ka mea i hoʻopuka ʻole ʻia. mo'olelo mai kona kupunakane kupunakane: 'O ka ho'olālā 'ino. Nā memo o Michel Maffiotte. ʻO ka mea hana pū Maffiotte. I ka huki ʻana i ke kaula, ua hoʻopakele pū ka mea kākau moʻolelo Cádiz i ka moʻolelo naʻaupō o nā hale paʻahao lana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Cádiz, i ka makahiki 1808, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā kilomita o nā paʻahao Farani mai kēlā hakakā.
"He mea ʻike maopopo ʻole kēia. He ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka makahiki 1987, ua paʻi ʻo Adimarala Enrique Barbudo Duarte i kahi puke liʻiliʻi e pili ana i kēia kaua, akā ʻo nā palapala āna i hoʻohana ai no ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna ʻike ua puhi ʻia i ke ahi ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Naval ʻo San Fernando i ʻAukake 1976," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Carmona. , Sober i confrontation ma waena o nā koena o ka mokukaua Sepania i hahauia aia ma ke kai kuonoono, i kākoʻo 'ia e na koa honua, a me Rosily's squadron aia ma ke kapakai o ka Royal Island o León, ma ka Poza de Santa Isabel.
3.500 mau pio
Ua piha na kanaka o Cadiz i na lono e hiki mai ana mai Madrid mai, he kulanakauhale ia i lawe loa ia e na koa o Napoliona. ʻOiai ua hoʻohiki ka Emepera i kona mau pūkaua e lilo ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Sepania i "ka pāʻani keiki," ma Poza de Santa Isabel ua loaʻa iā ia kāna haʻawina mua a me kāna ʻōlelo aʻo mua. "Heʻoiaʻiʻo ua ikaika loa ka pūʻali koa Bailén, akā ma ke kai kūʻono o Cádiz ua hopu ʻia nā moku ʻelima o ka laina a me kahi frigate, i hoʻohui ʻia i ka moku kaua Sepania a ʻoi aku ma mua o 3.500 mau pio i lawe ʻia," wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo.
ʻEkolu makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua kūʻokoʻa, ua noho ʻo Adimarala Villeneuve i ke alakaʻi o ka pūʻali koa Sepania-Palani i hui ʻia ma ke kai kūʻono o Cádiz, he mau hoa pili a me nā hoaaloha ia manawa, akā i kona ʻike ʻana e hoʻomaha ʻia ʻo ia e Rosily. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ke awa e kūʻē i ka pūʻali koa Pelekania o Nelesona a ua lanakila ʻo ia. Ma hope o ka pōʻino, ʻelima wale nō moku o ka laina a me ka frigate me ka hae Farani i koe i ke kai kūʻono, a me ka pūʻali koa Spanish i hoʻopau ʻia e Don Juan Ruiz de Apodaca.
Ua hōʻea hope ʻo Rosily i Cádiz i ka makahiki 1805, kahi i lilo ai ʻo ia i alakaʻi o nā ʻauwaʻa i luku ʻia. Ua noho aliʻi ka manaʻo hoʻohaʻahaʻa i loko o nā manaʻo o nā kānaka i loaʻa i nā pōʻino he nui mai ka wā i lawe ai ʻo Villeneuve i ka hoʻoholo kuhihewa e hōʻino i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Nelesona me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua kauoha ʻo Bonaparte. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻEnelani ke haʻalele i ke kai kūʻono ma muli o ka hui Pelekane ʻo Admiral Purvis a me kāna mau moku he 12. ʻO ia ka mea i koi ai i nā ʻauwaʻa o Rosily e noho malu no ʻekolu makahiki. "I kēlā manawa, haʻalele mālie lākou i nā waʻa a hui pū me nā poʻe o Cadiz," wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Kūʻokoʻa, mai kekahi lā a i kekahi lā, ua hele lākou mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenemi. ʻAʻole maopopo ka poʻe o Cadiz i ko lākou hāʻawi ʻole ʻana i ka ʻEnelani ma hope o ka lono o ke kipi ʻana o Madrid. He pepehi kanaka a me ka hakaka ma waena o lākou a me nā moa. Ua kapa ʻia ke kiaʻāina o Cádiz, ʻo ka Marquis o Solano, he Palani a pepehi ʻia e kekahi pūʻulu wela. Ma ke ʻano he hoʻomau, kipi ka Junta o Seville a hoʻonoho iā Kāpena General Tomás de Morla i pani no Solano, ka mea i hoʻouka ʻia i mea e luku ai i ka pūʻali koa Farani.
ka pio ana
He 3.676 kanaka a me eono waapa ia Rosily, a he 398 pu. He mea hou loa na moku a pau o ka laina. He 4.219 na kanaka a me na moku eono, me elima moku o ka laina a me ka mokuahi 112 pu Príncipe de Asturias, me ka mokuahi Flora. He 496 ka nui o na pu. Ua koi mua ʻo Morla iā Rosily e hāʻawi pio, akā ua hōʻole ʻo ia a hoʻomaka ka hana ʻino me nā waʻa pū.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Rosily e kūʻai i ka manawa ma ke kākau ʻana i kekahi mau leka iā Morla a ua noi ʻo ia iā lākou e ʻae i ka hui e haʻalele ma lalo o nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki ʻaʻole e hoʻouka ʻia e ka poʻe Sepania a i ʻole ka Pelekane. ʻO kā lākou pahuhopu wale nō, ʻo ia ke kūʻai manawa no ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā pūʻali koa ma lalo o Dupont i hoʻouna ʻia e Napoleona. ʻAʻohe mea i manaʻo e ʻike ʻia lākou, no ka mea, hoʻokahi mahina ma hope e pio ana lākou ma Bailén. Ua hōʻole naʻe ke kiaʻāina Cadiz.
"ʻO ka mea nui e pili ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Sepania, ʻo ia ka lei ahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻāina e pili ana i ka Poza de Santa Isabel, mai Trocadero, ma Puerto Real, a hiki i ka Carraca arsenal, ma San Fernando. Hoʻohui ʻia nā waʻa pū, ʻo ia mau waʻa liʻiliʻi me nā pūkuniahi ma luna o ka moku e kī pū ʻole ana. He ʻano kaua huikau ʻē aʻe, mai ka ʻāina a me ke kai. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hana i kekahi mea. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke lanakila i ka pāʻani, "wahi a Márquez Carmona.
I ka la 14 o Iune, ua haawi pio aku na Farani, a ua lawe pio o Sepania i 3.776 mau pio, a me ka waiwai pio o na moku elima o ka laina a me ka moku, ua paa lakou a pau i na pu kuniahi he 456, na mea kaua kanaka lehulehu, na pauda he nui, na poka a me elima. mahina o ka hoolako ana. O ke koena o keia lanakila ana i na kanaka o Napoliona, he 12 i make a he 51 i eha ma ka aoao Enelani a he 5 i make a he 50 i eha ma ka aoao Sepania. ʻO kahi mea nui āna i hana hou ai ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Barcelona ʻo Bruch i kēlā mau lā.
Kaua o Bruch
Ua māhele ʻia kēia kaua i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma hope. ʻO ka mea mua i hana ʻia ma Iune 6, 1808, ʻoiai ua kauoha ʻo Schwartz i kahi kolamu o 3.800 mau kauoha Farani mai Barcelona ma ke ala o Manresa. No ka hōʻea ʻana i kēia kūlanakauhale pono lākou e hele ma Bruch, akā ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻino ma ke ala a ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Sepania ka manawa e hoʻonohonoho ai i kā lākou pale. ʻO nā mea manawaleʻa Catalan a me nā somatenes i komo i ke kaua mai nā kūlanakauhale kokoke mai, i alakaʻi ʻia e Antonio Franch y Estalella mai Igualada. ʻO ka huina nui ua hōʻuluʻulu lākou i 2000 mau kānaka, a hoʻopuni lākou i nā moa a make 300 ma ko lākou mau papa.
ʻO ka lua o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana ma Iune 14, i ka wā i hōʻea ai ʻelua kolamu ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōlelo Pelekania i Bruch, ʻo kekahi e neʻe ana ma o Collbató a ʻo kekahi e hoʻomau ana ma ke alanui. Eia hou, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Sepania ka manawa e hoʻoikaika ai iā lākou iho, no laila ua hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokipa i ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua me nā pū kī nui a koi ʻia lākou e hoʻi hope a holo hou.
ʻAʻohe o kēia mau hana ʻelua i uhi ʻia e ka nūpepa, akā ʻo Bailén, hoʻokahi mahina ma hope mai, ʻo ia ke kaua i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui loa i ka mōʻaukala hou o ʻEulopa. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke poina ua lawe pio ʻia nā koa a pau o Napoliona i hāʻawi pio ʻia ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jaén a ua ʻoi aku kēia lanakila ma mua o ka pūʻali koa, ʻoiai mai ka manawa mua i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ai i ke ʻano o ka moʻokalaleo aupuni. ʻO ka mua ma o nā nūhou, nā hoʻolaha, nā hoʻolauleʻa a me nā hoʻolaha i nā wā kaua, a ma hope, i ka makahiki 19, ma o ka ʻike aupuni, nā hana nui, nā huakaʻi, nā mea hoʻoponopono paʻi, nā puke moʻolelo. Santa Isabel, ʻaʻohe mea.
