“ʻO nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kaulana ʻole o 'El Espectador' e pono ke hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hahau maikaʻi i nā mea hoʻoponopono o kēlā ʻāpana pepa. ʻAʻole lawa ke kāʻili ʻana i nā helu. No ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā nūpepa maikaʻi ʻole, pono e pepehi i ka poʻe nūpepa", ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma Ramón María Narváez i ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻōlelo e General Fernando Fernández de Córdova i kāna 'Intim Memories' (Rivadeneyra, 1889), kahi i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo ia i ka nui o ke Kuhina Nui ʻehiku mau manawa, i ka wā o Isabel II, i "hōʻino a hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā ia" i hoʻomaka ai. hoʻohenehene kiʻi o ka nūpepa. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau hana koʻikoʻi i ka mana a me ke kaiāulu i paʻi ʻia ma ka nūpepa Sepania, i kēlā kenekulia haunaele o ko mākou mōʻaukala, e hōʻike ʻia ana mai kēia lā a hiki i Pepeluali 26, 2023 ma ka National Museum of Romanticism ma Madrid. "ʻO kahi laʻana e kōkua iā mākou no ka lehulehu e ʻike ʻaʻole i loli kā mākou ʻakaʻaka mai ka wā ma mua a me ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea," wahi a ka curator a me curator o ka hōʻikeʻike, ʻo Mónica Rodríguez Subirana, kuhikuhi iā ABC. I 'No ka minoʻaka i ke ao. Hōʻike ka Caricature, satire a me ka hoʻohenehene i ka Romanticism i nā hōʻiliʻili mai ka hōʻiliʻili paʻi mōʻaukala mai nā hōʻiliʻili ponoʻī o ka hale hōʻikeʻike, ʻaʻole i hōʻike maʻamau ʻia ma muli o ko lākou pono mālama mālama. ʻO nā ʻāpana me nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole ma waena o ka satire, caricature a me ke kiʻi. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau hōʻaiʻē mai ka National Library of Spain, e like me ke kiʻi 'Lady Macbeth'. Hana ʻia e ke kaikunāne o Gustavo Adolfo Becquer, ʻo Valeriano, a me ʻelua mau kala wai ʻo 'Los Borbones en pelota', ka ʻohi satirical a me ka caricature nui loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX, i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻohewa ʻana iā Isabel II a me kāna clique. 'ʻO ka hoʻomaka a me ka hopena o kahi huakaʻi ma ke kaʻaahi kiʻekiʻe', na Francisco Ortego, i paʻi ʻia ma 'El Cascabel' ma 1866 Museum of Romanticism. Ua kūʻai ka BNE iā lākou mai kahi kanaka pilikino i ka makahiki 80. Ua hana ʻia lākou i ka makahiki 1868, ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Mōʻīwahine a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Revolutionary Sexennium, i ka manawa i laha ikaika loa ai ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka mana ma o kēia mau kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, e waiho ana i nā poʻe kālai'āina a me nā lālā o ka Mōʻī i nā hiʻohiʻona hilahila. he ʻano kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni", hoʻoikaika i ka curator. Ua uhi ʻia ka hōʻikeʻike i ʻelua mau kumuhana nui: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau kiʻi kiʻi i mea kaua kālai'āina e kūʻē i ka mana, i loaʻa ai ka hopena o nā aupuni like ʻole ma o ka censorship ikaika, a, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka nohona. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka makasina 'El Cascabel', kahi āu e ʻike ai i kahi ʻohana e leʻaleʻa ana i kahi huakaʻi ma ke "kaʻaahi kiʻekiʻe", me he mea lā ʻo ia kekahi o nā lohi o Renfe, ma ke ʻano he hoʻohenehene, akā i ka makahiki 1866. 'El carnaval', he kala wai i loko o 'Los Bourbons en pelota', mai 1868 BNE "ʻO lākou nā meme o ka wā ma mua, kahi ala e hōʻike ai iā lākou iho mai ʻelua mau kenekulia i hala aku nei, ʻoiai kēia, no mākou i kēlā me kēia lā", Ua kuhikuhi ʻo ia iā Rudríguez Subirana, nāna hoʻi i hōʻike i ke kiʻi o kāna mea kākau, ʻo Francisco Ortego ka mea kiʻi kiʻi nui: "ʻO ia ka mea mua i hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i kahi kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻolaʻa iā ia iho i ka paʻi a ola wale mai ia. he mea paakiki loa. Ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia e kona mau hoa noho, no laila ua nui ka hopena o ka lono o kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1881 ma Sepania.
