LANDELA
Ngaphansi kokushisa okushisayo, okunomswakama, futhi ngaphansi komsebenzi onzima, lapho kwakudingeka bagweme ukulunywa yizinyoka nezinambuzane, bazame ukungalimali ngenkathi besebenza ezigayweni futhi bagweme imivimbo noma izijeziso ze-Black Code ezimbi , izigqila zasemasimini aseSanto Domingo zatshala umoba futhi zashintsha indawo yazo yaba ikoloni elicebe kakhulu eCaribbean. Encwadini yakhe ethi 'Haiti. I-Aftershocks of History '(Picador, 2012), uLaurent Dubois, omunye wezazi-mlando eziphenye okwedlule okumangalisayo kwaleyo Santo Domingo kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi iHaiti, nokuthi emithonjeni yezindaba ngokuvamile ibonakala ihlotshaniswa nezindaba mayelana nezinhlekelele nezinhlekelele zemvelo, njengokungathi iyindawo egwetshelwe ukuhlupheka namashwa, ichaza indawo ezungezile eyabangela ukuvukela kwezigqila ngo-1791, esinye sezenzakalo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ukuze uqonde izinhlekelele ezalandela lokho kuvukela - okwamanje, iHaiti iyizwe elimpofu kakhulu eMelika futhi ingelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni, elisezansi kwe-Human Development Index - iphephandaba laseMelika 'The New York Times' (NYT) lishicilelwe. uchungechunge lwezihloko zomlando kuleli sonto, ezichaza okwenzeka emashumini ambalwa eminyaka alandelayo. Umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wobuntatheli obube nomthelela okabili, ngoba awugcinanga nje ngokudlulisela imibono yabantu ngesikhathi esijabulisayo, kodwa uvule nenkulumo-mpikiswano ephusile mayelana nendlela izintatheli nosomlando abahlobene ngayo.
I-lithograph yekhulu le-XNUMX ebonisa uMongameli waseHaiti uJean-Pierre Boyer ethola umyalo kaCharles X - Umtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseFrance
Iketango elisha
Ngokuhlukumeza kwebhange laseFrance i-Crédit Industriel et Commercial (CIC) ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1825 kanye nokuhlala kwaseMelika ekuqaleni kwe-1802, i-NYT ibalule njengenye yezimbangela zokungathuthuki kweHaiti isamba iFrance eyaphoqa ukuthi ngikhokhe ngo-July 150. Ngahlangana nekoloni elidala. Ngokuthola iNkosi uCharles Owner abahlali noma izizukulwane zabo, isibalo asinciphisa saba yizigidi ezingama-90. Ngokwezibalo zezintatheli zephephandaba laseNew York, isamba semali eyakhokhwa eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha yayilingana namaRandi angempela ayizigidi ezingu-560, okwabangela ukulahlekelwa okuphakathi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-21 nezingu-115 ekukhuleni kwezwe. Njengoba ayedlulwa ngobuningi, amabhange asePort-au-Prince ayengenakho enye indlela ngaphandle kokuboleka kumaNgisi, okwadala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'isikweletu esiphindwe kabili'.
UProfesa e-École Normale Supérieure we-State University of Haiti kanye nelungu le-Haitian Society of History, u-Gusti-Klara Gaillard (1) unikeze ulwazi olubalulekile ukuze aqonde lesi siqephu. Ngokuhlaziya idokhumenti ebizwa ngokuthi 'Bika Enkosini') eyakhiwe yikhomishini eqokwe uCharles futhi isungula inani lohlobo ngalunye lwesigqila -, uGaillard uphethe ngokuthi, ukuze bathole inkululeko yabo, abantu baseHaiti kwadingeka banxephezele umkoloni. abanikazi ngokulahlekelwa indawo yabo yangempela kanye nezigqila ezazihlangene nabo. Lokhu ukutholwa okubalulekile, isazi-mlando esidalula kokuthi 'Isikweletu sokuzimela. Inkululeko yohlanga lwesintu yenza imali (1825-1791)', isihloko esizayo.
Njengoba uGaillard ekhumbula, omunye umongameli waseHaiti, u-Alexandre Pétion, wayesevele ecabange ukukhokha isinxephezelo eFrance ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1791, kodwa lokho, noma kunjalo, kwakuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa kwezigqila, njengoba zenze ukuvukela okuphumelelayo phakathi kuka-1793. nango-1794 futhi base beyizakhamuzi zaseFrance ezikhululekile ngomthetho owavunywa yiNgqungquthela Kazwelonke ngoFebhuwari XNUMX.
Ngokwezibalo ze-'The New York Times', isamba esiphelele esikhokhelwe i-France emashumini eminyaka ambalwa sasilingana namadola angempela ayizigidi ezingu-560, okubangele ukuthi iHaiti ilahlekelwe phakathi kwezigidigidi ezingu-21 nezingu-115 ngokukhula kwayo.
“Ukukhokha izikweletu kungesinye sezizathu ezidala ukungathuthuki kweHaiti, kodwa ngeke sisho ukuthi iyona yodwa. Kukhona umongo ojwayelekile. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukungathuthuki kwaqala ngekhulu le-3, kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yamakholoni,” kuchaza isazi-mlando nommeli uMalick Ghachem, uprofesa eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). “Kunzima ukwazi ukuthi izikweletu ziyimbangela yokungathuthuki. Bekungaba neqhaza, kodwa akumele siwele emlandweni ongelona iqiniso, sithatha kuphela i-hypothesis yentuthuko enhle yesiqhingi uma kwenzeka umuntu engazange abe khona. Kufanele ubone wonke amathuba. Haiti endaweni yezimpi zombango ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-90 futhi kungaphikiswana ngokuthi imali ngabe ilahlekile ezindlekweni zempi. Kunzima kakhulu ukwenza izinto ezicatshangelwayo phakathi nezikhathi ezinde kangaka,” kunezela isazi-mlando uPaul Chopelin, uprofesa eJean Moulin University Lyon 2000. esingesinye sezimbi kakhulu ezingeni lomuntu. “Izigqila ezazifika zivela e-Afrika zakha amaphesenti angu-XNUMX enani labantu,” kufingqa isazi-mlando uPaul Cohen, uprofesa waseYunivesithi yaseToronto. “Ngaphambi konyaka ka-XNUMX, le ndaba yayinganakwa iningi lamaNgisi futhi yavuswa ngokushesha ezinhlelweni zesikole. "Yonke into yaqala ukushintsha ngomthetho weTaubira."
Washaywa ngoMeyi 2001, umthetho we-Taubira uthola inombolo eyaziwayo kaChristiane Taubira, owayengummeli waseGuyana owaba nguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa ngaphansi koMongameli wangaphambili u-François Hollande. Esihlokweni sayo sokuqala, sisungula ukuthi ukuhweba ngezigqila nobugqila kwakha ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini, futhi kudinga, okwesibili, ukuthi lesi senzakalo esingokomlando sifakwe ezinhlelweni zesikole futhi sibe yinto yocwaningo lomlando.
Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, owayengumongameli waseHaiti, uJean-Bertrand Aristide, wafuna eFrance ukuthi kubuyiswe isinxephezelo sokuzimela, esasifinyelela kumaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-22. Ngokwencwadi ethi 'A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) kaJeremy D. Popkin, "uhulumeni wamaNgisi wasenqaba ngokuqinile isicelo sika-Aristide, futhi usizi lwaseFrance olumelene naye ngokuveza lolu daba lucashunwe ngokuthi. esinye sezizathu ezenza lelo zwe lihlangane ne-United States ukuze liphoqe u-Aristide esikhundleni ngo-February 2004.”
Owayengumongameli waseHaiti uJean-Bertrand Aristide wafuna eFrance isinxephezelo senkululeko, efinyelela kumadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-21,7.
ubuntatheli bomlando
“OwayenguMengameli u-Hollande wavakashela eGuadeloupe ngoMeyi 2015 wathi uzokhokha isikweletu saseFrance ngesikhathi efika eHaiti. Ufike eHaiti wathi isikweletu saseFrance sinokuziphatha, hhayi ngokwezimali,” kusho uGhachem. "Kuyinkinga enzima, ngoba i-Quai d'Orsay ayifuni ukuvula lolu daba, olunomthelela ebudlelwaneni beFrance namakoloni ayo angaphambili, hhayi eNyakatho Afrika kuphela, kodwa naseNtshonalanga naseNingizimu Asia," kunezela. "Ngicabanga ukuthi bambalwa abantu abangamaNgisi abaziyo ukuthi iHaiti yayiyikoloni ngekhulu le-XNUMX, nokuthi kukhona ukuhlukumezeka kwakamuva, njengeMpi Yezwe Yesibili kanye neMpi Yase-Algeria, okudonsa ukunakwa okwengeziwe," kusho uChopelin, yena. "Izindatshana ze-NYT zinikeza umbono wokuthi isiqephu sesikweletu sifihliwe emlandweni waseFrance, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi lonke ikhulu le-XNUMX laziwa kabi futhi lincane elifundiswayo," ecabanga.
Nakuba izazi-mlando zixoxisane nokudumisa umsebenzi wephephandaba laseMelika futhi zigubha ukufinyelela kwayo - isibonelo, ibhange le-CIC limemezele esitatimendeni ukuthi lizoxhasa ngezimali "umsebenzi ozimele wasenyuvesi" ukucacisa indima eyadlala eHaiti emakhulwini amabili eminyaka edlule - abaningi baye bathinteka. i-NYT ngokuzenzisa kwayo, njengokungathi ikhulume ngesihloko esishiywe eceleni ngabanye abacwaningi. "Izazi-mlando azisho ukuthi i-NYT yayinephutha, kodwa kunalokho zenze ihaba ngegalelo lazo, zehlisa owabanye ochwepheshe," kusho uCohen, ophawule ngokucophelela ngale ngxabano ku-Twitter. “Kodwa-ke, kumele kushiwo futhi kuphindwe ukuthi abakwenzile kuhle kakhulu, ngoba bakhombise amandla amangalisayo obuntatheli bomlando, omshado phakathi kocwaningo lomlando nobuntatheli,” kuphetha yena.
Amanothi:
(1) UGusti-Klara Gaillard ufanelekile ukuqondisa ucwaningo (University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne) ku-'Haiti-France: umkhuba wobudlelwane obungalingani ngekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX. Umnotho, ipolitiki, isiko. Umsebenzi wakhe wesinxephezelo iHaiti eyakhokha eFrance ngekhulu le-XNUMX wawusekelwe emsebenzini wezazi-mlando zangaphambili (uJean Fouchard, uBaba uCabon ...) kanye nozakwabo bamanje (J-.F. Brière, M. Lewis, P Force , F. Beauvois), ngaphezu komthetho we-Taubira.
