“Opopayi abadume kabi be-'El Espectador' bafanelwe ukushaywa ngesiswebhu esihle kubahleli balelo phepha. Akwanele ukushaqa izinombolo. Ukuze kuqedwe amaphephandaba amabi, kuyadingeka ukubulala izintatheli”, kuphawula omunye ngaphandle kukaRamón María Narváez maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. La mazwi aqoqwe nguGeneral Fernando Fernández de Córdova encwadini yakhe ethi 'Izinkumbulo Eziseduze' (Rivadeneyra, 1889), lapho akhumbula khona ukuthi uNdunankulu oneminyaka eyisikhombisa, ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Isabel II, "amcasula futhi wamlulaza kangakanani" lowo muntu oqalayo. amahlaya ayingcaca kwabezindaba. Isibonelo sayo yonke le misebenzi egxeka amandla nomphakathi eshicilelwe emaphephandabeni eSpanishi, kulelo khulu leminyaka elineziyaluyalu lomlando wethu, yilezo eziboniswa kusukela namuhla kuze kube umhla zingama-26 kuNhlolanja 2023 eNational Museum of Romanticism eMadrid. "Isampula elisisiza umphakathi ukuthi uthole ukuthi amahlaya ethu angaphambili kanye nendlela yokuwamela akushintshile, empeleni, akukho lutho," umqaphi kanye nomqaphi walo mbukiso, uMónica Rodríguez Subirana, ekhomba i-ABC. Ku 'Ukumamatheka umhlaba. I-caricature, satire namahlaya ku-Romanticism ibonisa amaqoqo avela eqoqweni labezindaba lomlando elivela emaqoqweni emnyuziyamu uqobo, angavamile ukuvezwa ngenxa yezidingo zawo ezikhethekile zokongiwa kwemvelo. Izingcezu ezinamasu namafomethi ahluke kakhulu asukela phakathi kokubhuqa, i-caricature nemifanekiso. Kulokhu kwengezwa imali ebolekiwe evela ku-National Library of Spain, njengomdwebo othi 'Lady Macbeth'. Kwenziwe umfowabo ka-Gustavo Adolfo Becquer, u-Valeriano, kanye nama-watercolor amabili e-'Los Borbones en pelota', iqoqo eline-acidic kakhulu ne-caricature lekhulu le-XNUMX, elinikezelwe ukugxeka u-Isabel II neqembu lakhe. 'Isiqalo nesiphetho sohambo lwesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu', nguFrancisco Ortego, eshicilelwe ku-'El Cascabel' ngo-1866 Museum of Romanticism. I-BNE yazithenga kumuntu ozimele ngeminyaka yawo-80. Zenziwa ngo-1868, ngemva kokuwa kweNdlovukazi kanye nokuqala kweRevolutionary Sexennium, ngaleso sikhathi lapho ukugxekwa kwamandla kwasabalala kakhulu ngalezi zithombe zopopayi, kubeka osopolitiki namalungu oBukhosi ezigcawini ezihlazisayo. imvelo yezithombe zocansi”, kugcizelela umqaphi. Lo mbukiso uhlanganisa izindikimba ezimbili ezibalulekile: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zithombe zopopayi njengesikhali sezombangazwe ngokumelene namandla, okwafeza ukusabela kohulumeni abahlukene ngokucwaninga okuqinile, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugxekwa komphakathi. Isibonelo, i-cartoon eyanyatheliswa kumagazini othi 'El Cascabel', lapho ungabona khona umndeni ujabulela uhambo "ngesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu", njengokungathi kungenye yokulibaziseka kukaRenfe, njengokuhlekwa usulu, kodwa ngo-1866. I-'El carnaval', i-watercolor eyingxenye ye-'Los Bourbons en pelota', kusukela ngo-1868 BNE "Ziyizikhumbuzo zangaphambili, indlela yokuziveza kusukela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka edlule ukuthi, naphezu kwalokhu, kithi nsuku zonke", uveza uRudríguez Subirana, ophinde aqokomise isibalo sombhali wayo, umdwebi wezithombe omkhulu uFrancisco Ortego: “Ube ngowokuqala esingamcabangela umdwebi wekhathuni, njengoba wayengowokuqala ukuzinikela kuye kuphela emaphephandabeni futhi ephila kuwo kuphela, into eyayinzima kakhulu. Waqashelwa kakhulu abantu besikhathi sakhe, kangangokuthi izindaba zokufa kwakhe ngo-1881 zaba nomthelela omkhulu eSpain.
