Lapho sivela khona nokuthi yini eyenza sibe ngabantu imibuzo emibili emikhulu yesayensi. Isazi sebhayoloji saseSweden kanye nesazi sofuzo uSvante Pääbo (Stockholm, 1955) uhlonishwe kulo nyaka ngeNobel Prize in Medicine ngeqhaza lakhe elimangalisayo ekuphenduleni le mibuzo ngethuluzi: i-prehistoric DNA.
Ngo-2010, umcwaningi walandelanisa i-genome ye-Neanderthal, isihlobo esingasekho sabantu banamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nguye owathola enye i-hominid engaziwa ngaphambili, kaDenisova. Sifunde labo abavunyelwe ukuphetha ngokuthi abantu banamuhla baphatha izakhi zofuzo ezivela kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili zasendulo, esixoxe ngazo ngemva kokufuduka e-Afrika eminyakeni engu-70.000 edlule. Namanje ithonya lethu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngendlela amasosha omzimba asabela ngayo ezifweni.
Umsebenzi ka-Pääbo, oqashelwa amajaji e-Karolinska Institute eSweden "njengomkhulu", uye waveza isiyalo esisha ngokuphelele sesayensi: i-paleogenomics. Ngo-2018 kwaba khona umehluko kuwo ngomklomelo weNkosazana yase-Asturias. Lena eyokuqala lapho u-Nobel eqaphela ucwaningo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu, ngokomlando olwalugxile ekubunjweni kwezinsalela, kodwa isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo saseSweden sahlanganisa izakhi zofuzo njengendlela entsha yokwazi imvelaphi yethu. Lapho ezwa ngomklomelo wakhe, uPääbo ngokwakhe uye wavuma ukumangala kwakhe: " Bengingacabangi ngempela ukuthi [engikutholile] kungangizuzela uMklomelo KaNobel. Kuyamangaza ukuthi uyise, u-Sune Bergström, usevele wathola umklomelo weNobel for Medicine ngo-1982 ngokuthola kwakhe amahomoni. UPääbo unesibongo sikanina, usokhemisi wase-Estonia uKarin Pääbo.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, umcwaningi wahlatshwa umxhwele ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa izindlela zofuzo zesimanje ukutadisha i-DNA yamaNeanderthals. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha noma kamuva ochwepheshe abeqisayo bayaqaphela ukuthi lokhu kuhilelani, ngoba ngemva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka i-DNA yonakaliswa kakhulu, ihlukaniswe futhi ingcolisiwe.
Iqale ithuthukise izindlela ezicwengekile. Imizamo yakhe yaba nezithelo ngeminyaka yawo-90, lapho u-Pääbo ephoqa ukulandelana kwesifunda se-mitochondrial DNA ethanjeni elineminyaka engu-40.000 ubudala. Ngokokuqala ngqa, sebenzisa ukufinyelela ekulandeleni kwesihlobo esingasekho. Ukuqhathaniswa nabantu besikhathi samanje nezimfene kwabonisa ukuthi amaNeanderthal ayehlukene ngezakhi zofuzo.
AmaDenisovans
Isungulwe ku-Max Planck Institute e-Leipzig, eJalimane, u-Pääbo nethimba lakhe baqhubekela phambili kakhulu. Ngo-2010 bathola okwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ngokushicilela ukulandelana kokuqala kwe-Neanderthal genome. Ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo kubonise ukuthi ukulandelana kwe-Neanderthal DNA kwakufana kakhulu nokulandelana kwabantu besikhathi samanje abavela eYurophu noma e-Asia kunakwabase-Afrika. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-Neanderthal nama-sapien aphila phakathi nenkulungwane yeminyaka yawo yokuphilisana ezwenikazi elingumama. Kubantu banamuhla bokhokho base-Europe noma base-Asia, cishe u-1-4% we-genome yi-Neanderthal.
Ngo-2008, kwatholakala ucezu lwetshe lomunwe oluneminyaka engu-40.000 ubudala eDenisova Basin engxenyeni eseningizimu yeSiberia. Ithambo beliqukethe i-DNA elondolozwe kahle, ithimba lika-Pääbo layilandelanisa. Imiphumela yavusa imizwa: babeyi-hominid engaziwa ngaphambili, kunikezwe igama elithi Denisovan. Ukuqhathaniswa nokulandelana kwabantu besikhathi samanje abavela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba kubonise ukuthi zombili lezi zinhlobo nazo ziyazalana. Lobu budlelwano bubonakala ikakhulukazi kubantu abavela eMelanesia nakwezinye izingxenye zeSoutheast Asia, nabantu abane-6% ye-Denisovan DNA.
"Funa okungenakwenzeka"
Ngenxa yalokho okutholwe u-Svante Pääbo, manje sekuyaqondakala ukuthi ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo zakudala ezivela ezihlotsheni zethu ezingasekho kuthonya isayensi yokuphila kwabantu banamuhla. Isibonelo salokhu inguqulo ye-Denisovan yofuzo lwe-EPAS1, okuthenjelwe kuyo ukuze kube nenzuzo yokusinda ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi ivamile kubantu baseTibet banamuhla. Ezinye izibonelo zezakhi zawo zofuzo amaNeanderthal anomthelela ekuphenduleni okusha kwamasosha omzimba ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo, okubandakanya i-Covid-19.
UJuan Luis Arsuaga, umqondisi-kanye wezindawo eziseSierra de Atapuerca (Burgos), usebenzisane izikhathi eziningi nososayensi webhayoloji waseSweden. «Banikeze umngane umklomelo. Ezingeni lomuntu siqu, ukusebenza noNobel kuyamangaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivule umugqa omusha wocwaningo. Kumfanele ngoba uyingqalabutho, umbonisi wemibono,” etshela leli phephandaba, ngesikhathi ekhumbula ukuthi iDNA endala ingeyeSima de los Huesos, e-Atapuerca.
Isazi sebhayoloji u-Carles Lalueza Fox, umqondisi omusha we-Barcelona Museum of Natural Sciences, unombono ofanayo futhi usebenzisana ne-Pääbo ekuhlaziyeni izindawo zokudlela zase-Neanderthal endaweni yase-Asturian e-El Sidrón. “Uyiphayona, ufuna okungenakwenzeka,” uyakuchaza. "Sibonga ukuthi ukwazile ukusebenza, siyazi ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu kwakuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho esasikucabanga, ngeziphambano zemigqa ehlukene, ngezikhathi ezahlukene kanye nezingxenye zomhlaba, zakha uhlobo lwenethiwekhi," ukhomba. ngaphandle.
Okutholwe ngu-Pääbo kusisiza ukuthi sizwe ukuthi singobani, yini esehlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zabantu nokuthi yini eyenza ezethu kube yiyo yodwa ebusweni boMhlaba. AmaNeanderthal, njengama-sapien, ayehlala ngamaqembu, enobuchopho obukhulu, esebenzise amathuluzi, engcwaba abafileyo bawo, epheka futhi ehlobisa imizimba yawo.
Baze bakha ubuciko bomhume, njengoba kuboniswa imidwebo yeminyaka okungenani engu-64.000 edlule eyatholwa emigedeni emithathu yaseSpain: iLa Pasiega eCantabria, iMaltravieso eCáceres kanye ne-Ardales eMálaga. Ayefana nathi kodwa anomehluko ezakhini zofuzo uPääbo awaveza futhi angase achaze ukuthi kungani anyamalala futhi sisekhona.
