Ilungelo lokuhlawulelwa ipropathi yabucala ethatyathelwe ukulungiswa kusetyenziso loluntu
Ngomnyaka we-1947, uMongameli uManuel Roxas weRiphabhliki yesiThathu wenza iKhomishoni yeKhowudi entsha, ngeli xesha ekhokelwa ngumfundisi wangaphambili weYunivesithi yasePhilippines Law School, uJorge Bocobo. Phakathi kwamalungu ale Komishoni entsha kwakukho i-Justice ye-Associate Justice yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, uFrancisco R. Capistrano, kunye noSenator wexesha elizayo u-Arturo Tolentino. IKhomishoni yeKhowudi yagqiba idrafti yokugqibela yeKhowudi entsha ye-Civil Code ngoDisemba 1947, kwaye yangeniswa kwiNkomfa, eyawenza umthetho ngoMthetho weRiphabhlikhi No. 386. I-Code Civil yaqala ukusebenza kwi-1950 [1].
Impembelelo ye-Code Civil Code yaseSpain ibonakala ngakumbi kwiincwadi zepropati, ukulandelelana kunye nezibophelelo kunye nezivumelwano. Umthetho welifa, umzekelo, ugcina iingqikelelo ze-autochthonous zaseSpain ezinje ngolawulo lwamaxesha asemthethweni kunye nogcino lwesiqu. Kwelinye icala, izibonelelo ezininzi kwiikhontrakthi ezikhethekileyo, ngakumbi kwiintengiso, ziphuma kumthetho oqhelekileyo owenziwa eUnited States, obonisa impembelelo yolawulo lobukoloniyali lwaseMelika kunye nokutyeba kobudlelwane borhwebo apho abantu baseMelika bathatha inxaxheba.
Ngowuphi umthetho otshitshise umthetho we-chattel mortgage?
Malunga nesiqingatha sexesha leseshoni yeNdlu lilonke lichithwa kuqwalaselwa amatyala, oko kukuthi, amatyala. Ezi zindululo zisuka kwizindululo ezincinci zolawulo ukuya kumalinge ehlabathi abaluleke kakhulu kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho okanye kwezoshishino.
Eli phetshana leenkcukacha lichaza indlela imithetho eyilwayo ecetywayo ngabaphathiswa eqwalaselwa kwaye ipasiswe ngayo kwiNdlu. Nangona kunjalo, onke amalungu e-Chamber, kunye nabaphathiswa, banelungelo lokuphakamisa imithetho. Imigaqo yemithetho esayilwayo yamaLungu ePalamente, kwimiba engundoqo, iyafana neyemithetho esayilwayo karhulumente. Iphepha leNgcaciso elinguNombolo 6 wamathuba eLungu lePalamente laBucala lingena kule nkcukacha ngakumbi kwaye lichaza umahluko.
Umthetho omtsha we-Commonwealth (wesizwe) unokwenziwa kuphela, okanye umthetho okhoyo olungiswayo okanye upheliswe, ngu okanye phantsi kwegunya lePalamente ye-Federal; oko kukuthi, ngokungqinelana noMthetho wePalamente.
Phantsi koMgaqo-siseko wase-Australia, iPalamente yoMdibaniso inokuwisa umthetho kwimiba ethile kuphela. Phakathi kwazo kukho: urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe naphakathi kwamazwe; imicimbi yangaphandle; ukhuselo; ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe; irhafu; Ibhentshi; i-inshurensi; umtshato noqhawulo-mtshato; imali kunye neentsimbi kunye nemilinganiselo; iposi kunye nonxibelelwano; kunye nemali yomhlalaphantsi yokukhubazeka kunye neyabadala. Amazwe aseOstreliya agcina amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiindawo ezininzi, ezinjengorhulumente wasekhaya, iindlela, izibhedlele kunye nezikolo.
Philippine mortgage umthetho
ISiqendu 2. Le mithetho iya kuqala ukusebenza emva kweentsuku ezilishumi elinesihlanu ezilandela ukugqitywa kokupapashwa kwayo kwiGazethi esemthethweni, ngaphandle kokuba kumiselwe ngenye indlela. Le Khowudi iya kuqala ukusebenza kunyaka omnye emva kopapasho olunjalo. (1a)
ISiqendu 13. Xa imithetho ithetha ngeminyaka, iinyanga, imini okanye ubusuku, kuya kuqondwa ukuba iminyaka iyimihla engamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu umnye; iinyanga, iintsuku ezimashumi mathathu; iintsuku, iiyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine; nobusuku ukusuka ekutshoneni kwelanga kuse ekuphumeni kwelanga.
ISiqendu 14. Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemithetho yokhuseleko loluntu iya kuba yinyanzeliso kubo bonke abahlala okanye abahlala kummandla wasePhilippines, ngokuxhomekeke kwimigaqo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kawonkewonke kunye nemimiselo yezivumelwano. (8a)
Nangona kunjalo, ulandelelwano olungeyonyani na lweyomnqophiso, kokubini ngokubhekisele kumyalelo wokulandelelana kunye nesixa samalungelo olandelelwano kunye nokunyaniseka okungaphakathi kwezibonelelo zetestamente, kuya kulawulwa ngumthetho wesizwe waloo mntu kuqwalaselwa ulandelelwano, nokuba luluphi na uhlobo impahla kunye nokuba zikweliphi ilizwe. (10a)
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Ummandla obalaseleyo ngamandla karhulumente okuthatha umhlaba wabucala ukuze usetyenziswe luluntu. Eli gunya lilinganiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko womanyano kunye nemigaqo-siseko karhulumente. Xa urhulumente enikezela ngempahla yabucala ngeenjongo zoluntu, kufuneka ambuyekeze ngokufanelekileyo umnini ngelahleko.
Ngamanye amaxesha ukusebenza kwe-domain ephezulu yinto elula. Urhulumente unika umniniyo ixabiso elifanelekileyo aze umnini anike ipropati ukuba isetyenziswe luluntu. Noko ke, ngamanye amaxesha, urhulumente nomnini basenokungavumelani malunga nokuba kuhluthwe umhlaba nokuba yimbuyekezo engakanani umniniyo afanele ayifumane.
Amadoda ayile uMgaqo-siseko ubukhulu becala yayingabanini-mhlaba abangamthembi urhulumente wobumbano. Ukukhusela abanini bezinto zabucala ekuxhatshazweni ngurhulumente, abaSeki banciphisa amandla karhulumente okuhlutha. Ngelo xesha, isenzo sikarhulumente ekusenokwenzeka ukuba bakubona yayikukuthatyathwa komhlaba nokuhlala kwawo ngurhulumente.
Noko ke, njengoko abemi beli lizwe baqhubeka besanda, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqalisa ukumisela imithetho engakumbi nangakumbi yokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Abanini bakholelwa ukuba ezi zithintelo zithintela ukusetyenziswa kwepropati okanye zonakalise ixabiso layo lemarike. Ngoko baqalisa ukuphikisa ngelithi le miqathango ikwaquka ukuhluthwa komhlaba wabo okwakufuna imbuyekezo eyaneleyo. Ekuqaleni, iinkundla zazingafuni nokuva la mabango. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha iinkundla zaqalisa ukuzibona, zongeza inkalo entsha kumthetho wommandla obalaseleyo.
