UBilbao uphinde wafumana iFrontiers of Knowledge Awards, enikwe yiBBVA Foundation. Ushicilelo lwe-XIV luphinda lubhiyozele isayensi kunye nenkcubeko njengesixhobo sokutshintsha ukujongana nemiceli mngeni yehlabathi efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nobhubhane, imiqathango esele ibambe iingxoxo ezininzi kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kwihlabathi liphela. "Ixesha lokuphazamiseka", njengoko kuchazwe nguCarlos Torres Vila, umongameli we-BBVA Foundation kunye neQela le-BBVA, ngexesha le-gala ebanjwe ngoLwesine kwi-Euskalduna Palace e-Bilbao. Apho, iinkokeli zehlabathi ezili-14 kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokudalwa kobugcisa-zikhokelela kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo kangangokuba kwiimeko ezininzi, emva kwembasa yaseSpain, baye bamkelwa ngeBhaso likaNobel - baye babhenela kwisazela esihlangeneyo ukuba sijongane nemingeni yangoku kunye neyexesha elizayo. uhlobo lomntu.
"Xa sasingekapholi kwintlekele ye-Covid-19, siye sashukunyiswa luhlaselo lwaseUkraine", utshilo uTorres Vila kwintetho yakhe. Ngokukwanjalo, umongameli we-BBVA Foundation uye walumkisa “ngobuzaza bemozulu kunye nelahleko yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, mhlawumbi phakathi kwezona ziphazamiso zinkulu kwimbali”. Izitofu zokugonya ezichasene ne-Covid-19 zibonise ukuba, xa kujongwe imiceli mngeni enjalo, isitshixo sempumelelo "lulwazi oluvezwe enkosi kwintsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe". Ngenxalenye yakhe, umongameli we-CSIC, uRosa Menéndez, wathi: "Inzululwazi inamandla kwaye isinika ithuba lokuyila ikamva elixhasayo, elinobulungisa nelizinzileyo".
Abaphumeleleyo kudidi lweBiology kunye neBiomedicine, uKatalin Karikó, uDrew Weissman kunye noRobert Langer, baye babanga ukubaluleka kophando olusisiseko njengokuzibophelela kwexesha elide, kubalulekile ukuhlwayela imbewu yenkqubela phambili enkulu yexesha elizayo kwaye ke ukujongana ngempumelelo nemingeni yoluntu, nokuba izibonelelo zayo azikhawulezi. Umsebenzi odibeneyo we-Kariko kunye no-Weissman, kwi-RNA yesithunywa-imolekyuli ekhuphe ulwazi oluvela kwi-DNA kwaye ithuthelwe kumatshini ngaphakathi kweeseli ezinoxanduva lokuvelisa iiproteni - kunye neLanger, kwintsimi ye-nanoparticles, Bakhuthaza ukudalwa kwesitshixo. ngasemva kwetekhnoloji yophuhliso ngexesha elirekhodiweyo logonyo oluvumele ilizwe ukuba limelane nobhubhane we-Covid-19. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iintetho zabo zibonisile, ngaphambi kokuba baphumelele le mpumelelo kwafuneka bathabathe ikhondo elide nelinzima lomqobo.
UNjingalwazi uKarikó ukhumbula ukuba kwafunyanwa umthunywa iRNA ngowe-1961, kodwa kwathabatha iminyaka engama-60 ukuba ibe ngumzi-mveliso ovunyiweyo. Ekugqibeleni, yena nomhlobo wakhe u-Weissman benza inkampani yabo ukuba iphande eli candelo ngexesha iinkampani ezixuba amayeza zaziwubhalile emva kolingo oluninzi apho zazinike ingxelo yokungavuki. Ngabo bakwaziyo ukujongana nale ngxaki kwaye babeka iziseko zogonyo lwexesha elizayo, olunje ngeZika okanye i-SARS-CoV-2 ngokwayo.
Ukubuya kwemozulu yemozulu
Into yokuba imozulu yemozulu yinto yokwenene yinto abantu abambalwa abathetha ngayo. Izifundo ezininzi zilumkisa ngokucacileyo ukuba isenzo somntu siyiphembelela njani inkqubo yendalo entsonkothileyo kunye nedibeneyo yoMhlaba. Iplanethi yethu ineendlela ezininzi 'zokurekhoda' imbali yayo. Enye yazo ngumkhenkce. “Iingcingo zomkhenkce ziyindlela emangalisayo yokuphanda imozulu yoMhlaba nokusingqongileyo, njengoko zirekhoda yonke into esemoyeni kwaye ziyishiye ingumkhenkce kwangethuba,” ucacise watsho uLonnie Thompson, ophumeleleyo nomfazi wakhe, uEllen Mosley-Thompson kwicandelo loTshintsho lweMozulu. Zombini iingcali zomkhenkce kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State ziye zawongwa ngokubonisa ngezifundo zazo zokunyibilika komkhenkce ukuba ukukhawuleza kwemozulu yangoku akukaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
Phantse ikhulu leminyaka yohambo ukuya kwezona ncopho ziphakamileyo emhlabeni, kunye ne-Antarctica kunye neGreenland kwiisampulu ezongezelelweyo zomkhenkce ezivela kwiindawo ezingama-78 ezibonisa imeko ebalulekileyo yeplanethi. “Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwabemi behlabathi kunye nobuchwephesha bethu bokuxhaphaza ubutyebi bendalo, imfuno yokufuna ukuphembelela impembelelo yoluntu kwiinkqubo eziqhuba utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuthotywa kwemo engqongileyo sele ibaluleke kakhulu kunakuqala… Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekuphuhliseni. iimodeli zemozulu eziqinileyo ezibikezela zikhokela iinzame zethu zokunciphisa utshintsho olulindelekileyo kunye nokuphuhlisa isethi yamanyathelo okulungelelanisa ukwenzela ukuba iintlanga, zombini ezibalekayo kunye nababalekayo, zisebenzise.
Kwala migca inye, uSimon Levin ubonisile, wawongwa kudidi lwe-Ecology kunye ne-Conservation Biology kunye noLenore Fahrig kunye noSteward Pickett. «Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendawo zokuhlala kunye ne-biomes ezikhoyo ehlabathini, ukusasazeka kweentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlaselayo kunye nezosulelayo, uyilo lweendawo zolondolozo lwendalo kunye nokuhamba kwezilwanyana, kuquka neyethu, zonke ezi zizinto ezibonisa imfuneko yokuphuhlisa iindlela ezithathayo. qwalasela imilinganiselo yesithuba sokuguquguquka kwabantu, intsebenziswano phakathi kweentlobo kunye nokuhamba kwezondlo”, ucacise watsho uLevin.
Iinzululwazi zentlalo zikwanokuthetha okuninzi malunga notshintsho olukhoyo olufunyanwa luluntu lwanamhlanje. UMathew Jackson, owongwe kwicandelo lezoQoqosho, ezeMali kunye noLawulo lwezoShishino, ubonisa kumanqaku akhe amaninzi ukuba impembelelo yeintanethi zentlalo iphezulu kakhulu kwiziphumo zoqoqosho. Umzekelo we-archetypal nguwo wokungaqeshwa: ukuba umntu ongaqeshwanga uneintanethi zabo zentlalo (intsapho, abahlobo kunye nabaqhelana nabo) kwimeko efanayo, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukufumana umsebenzi kunokuba bebengabasebenzi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, waqinisekisa kwintetho yakhe, utshintsho kwiinkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngokwesithethe ukunciphisa ukungalingani kuya kunqweneleka: “Ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi nengeniso kujongana kuphela neempawu zokungalingani, kungekhona oonobangela bakho abasisiseko. . Ibhunga lethu libone imfuneko yemigaqo-nkqubo etyebisa uthungelwano lwabantu kwaye ibonelele ngolwazi kunye namathuba uthungelwano lwabo olungenako."
UMark Granovetter, owatyhila inkcazo-bungcali 'yeebhondi ezisisidenge' kunye nendlela abantu abaninzi ngayo yonke intsapho kunye nabahlobo basetyenziswa ngakumbi, umzekelo, ukukhangela umsebenzi "kuba bafaka ulwazi olutsha", ubeke ingqalelo kwindlela iinzululwazi zentlalo zisebenzisana namanye amaqela anxulumeneyo, anje ngeteknoloji.
Oomatshini bafunda njengabantu.
UCharles Fefferman, ovela kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton, kunye noJean-François Le Gall, ovela kwi-Université Paris-Saclay, baye bawongwa ngegalelo labo elibalulekileyo kwiinkalo zemathematika ezinezicelo kwiinkalo ezininzi. Kwintetho ayenze egameni labo bobabini abaphumeleleyo, uNjingalwazi uLe Gall wayefuna ukuqaqambisa uphando lobuvulindlela bogxa wakhe uFefferman, awamchaza "njengomnye weengcali zezibalo zexesha lethu".
"Inxalenye yomsebenzi wakhe -wachaza- ujongene nethiyori yemisebenzi enzima, enye yeempumelelo ezinkulu zemathematika yekhulu lama-XNUMX". Le ithiyori iphonononga iziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu, ezinje "ukucaciswa kweemephu ezichanekileyo, ukuhamba kwamanzi kwindawo ethe tyaba kunye nentsimi yombane kwizinto ezine-dimensional".
Nokuba sele kusetyenzwe njani na, kugxininiswe kwijiyometri enamacala amabini, iLe Gall ichaze ukuba uphando kweli candelo lunokunceda njani ukuqonda ukusebenza kweemodeli ezithile ezisekwe kwingcwaba eliqingqelweyo, "ithiyori yendalo ejonge ukumanyanisa unxibelelwano ngokubanzi. kunye ne-quantum mechanics.
Unjingalwazi uJudea Pearl, wawonga ngembasa yobuchwephesha boLwazi noNxibelelwano ngegalelo lakhe lobuvulindlela kwiArtificial Intelligence, indawo apho kukho ukurhaneleka okuthile, njengoko watshoyo. “Ayiyomfihlo into yokuba uphando lwam luye lwahlangabezana nesabelo salo sokuthandabuza: ukuthandabuza kwabo bakubona njengesisongelo kubulumko obuqhelekileyo kwelinye icala, kunye nokuthandabuza kwabo bangakhange bafumane thuba lokuphonononga amandla alo kwelinye icala. . Ndiyathemba ukuba udumo kunye nokubonakala kweli bhaso kuya kukhuthaza izazinzulu ezisebenzayo kuzo zonke izifundo ukuba zivavanye izixhobo ezinamandla ezibonelelwa yi-causal inference. "
IFrontiers of Knowledge Awards ikwavuza abona bantu babalaseleyo kuMculo nakwiOpera. Ngesi sihlandlo, wawongwa uPhilip Glass. Kwintetho yakhe yokwamkelwa, i-Master Glass ibonise ukubaluleka kwebhaso lokuqaphela "abantu abaphilayo nabasebenzayo nababhalayo malunga nehlabathi esiphila kulo."
Igumbi lokuqala leNobel
I-BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards, eyenziwe ngo-2008 kwaye inikwe i-euro ye-400.000 kwelinye lala macandelo, inikezelwa minyaka le ukwahlula igalelo lamazwe ngamazwe le-avant-garde kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi lomntu. Kuninzi lwamacandelo kukho abatyunjiweyo abaphakathi kwama-50 nama-60 ngonyaka ngamnye, kwaye ulonyulo lokugqibela lungqamana neqela labagwebi bezizwe ngezizwe elenziwe ziingcali zodumo oluvunyiweyo kwisifundo ngasinye. yoLwazi ibiphambi kweAkhademi yaseSweden ukuya kuthi ga kumaxesha ali-19.
