Chuma ndi nkhondo, pokhala zochita za anthu, zakhala ndi ubale wapamtima m'mbiri yonse. Kwa zaka zambiri za m’ma XNUMX, maganizo a Von Clausewitz akuti “nkhondo ndiyo kupitiriza ndale mwa njira zina” ankalamulira mmene anthu ankamvera ku nkhani imeneyi. Potsindika kwambiri za mbiri yakale - msilikali wa Prussian adanena kuti "nyengo iliyonse ili ndi mtundu wake wa nkhondo" - ntchito yake sinapulumuke chidwi ndi makina a Newtonian omwe analipo m'nthawi yake ndipo adalola kuti nkhondo zifotokozedwe ngati masewera a masewera. mphamvu pakati pa maulamuliro aku Europe.
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse ndi 'kugwedeza' kwa mbiri yakale komwe kumakhudza malo osiyanasiyana
za usilikali monga luso ndi filosofi. Koma pamwamba pa zonse mu nthawi ya nkhondo pamene chuma chidzafika pokweza mawu ake pa maphunziro ena ndi kufalitsidwa mu 1920 ya 'Economic Consequences of Peace', kumene John Maynard Keynes ananeneratu kuti zinthu zolemetsa zomwe zinaperekedwa ku Germany mu Pangano la Versailles adzatsogolera kontinenti yaku Europe kunkhondo yatsopano pakanthawi kochepa. Apa ndi pamene mgwirizano pakati pa nkhondo ndi chuma umayamba kusintha. Chuma chimasiya kukhala chowiringula chabe chomenyera kugawidwa kwazinthu ndikukhala mwambo wokhoza kufotokozera komanso ngakhale kuyendetsa nkhondo monga momwe zinalili kale ndi mbiri, ndale kapena masamu.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idathandizira kwambiri kusamutsa malingaliro ankhondo kukampani. Oyang'anira ambiri, omwe ambiri mwa iwo adadutsamo m'mabwalo ankhondo, adalankhulanso zakukonzekera bwino komanso kukhazikitsa zolinga. Koma kudzakhala ndi kufika kwa Cold War kuti chuma chidzapatulidwe ngati njira yomvera nkhondo. Tidzathokoza chifukwa cha masamu opangidwa kuti ayesere kuyanjana pakati pa anthu: Malingaliro a Masewera opangidwa ndi John von Neumann ndi Oskar Morgenstern, ochokera ku yunivesite ya Princeton. Chiphunzitsochi chikafika potchuka kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), masewera omwe awiriwo sangapambane. Chotsatira chachikulu cha MAD ndi ndondomeko yoletsa zida za nyukiliya: USSR kapena US sangakumane mwachindunji, ngakhale kuti adatha kutero kupyolera mwa ogwirizana nawo kapena zochitika zachitatu.
Malingaliro amalingaliro ankhondo adadutsa mubizinesi ndi zolephera zake zoyambirira
M'nkhani yomwe inafalitsidwa mu 2013 ('The Strategic Plan is Dead. Long Live Strategy' ndi Dana O'Donovan ndi Noah Rimland Flor), olemba amafufuza chiyambi cha lingaliro la 'bizinesi njira' kumalo omenyera nkhondo. Iwo amanena kuti mosasamala kanthu za chipwirikiti cha nkhondo, atsogoleri ankhondo akhala akukhazikika kwanthaŵi yaitali. “Zam’mbuyo zinali kulosera zabwino za m’tsogolo,” iwo akufotokoza motero. "Zaka kapena zaka zambiri zidadutsa pakati pa kusintha kwakukulu pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga mphamvu ya zida kapena kuchuluka kwa ndege." Zinthu zina ziwiri, zomwe adawunikiranso, zidakhudza kwambiri zisankho zankhondo. Choyamba chinali kusowa kwa deta yodalirika. "Ma Scouts ndi akazitape amayenera kuyika moyo wawo pachiswe kuti apeze ndi kufalitsa zidziwitso, ndipo nthawi zonse amayenera kuyang'ana Misampha ya adani." Ndipo, chachiwiri, "mizere yoyankhulirana sinali yodalirika" kotero kuti malamulowo ayenera kukhala ochepa, omveka bwino komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi.
"Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, njira zankhondo zidalowa m'mabizinesi, momwemonso zolepheretsa izi," adalemba O'Donovan ndi Rimland. Zotsatira zake, kulosera zam'tsogolo kudazirala m'mbuyomu, zida zambiri zidayikidwa kuti asonkhanitse zidziwitso, ndipo kalembedwe kakulamula kunali kokhazikika.
Njirayi idapulumuka bwino muzamalonda pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1990. Koma ndi digito ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko, dziko linasintha. Tsogolo silingadziwike momveka kutengera zakale, deta ndi yochuluka komanso yotsika mtengo, ndipo kulumikizana kumayenda mwachangu, mosasankha, komanso mosalekeza.
Nkhondo zatsopano, monga za ku Kosovo, Iraq kapena Afghanistan, zatenganso ndondomeko yachuma kuchokera ku chuma: kuyang'anira zoopsa. Uwu ndiye mutu wapakati wa buku la 'War As Risk Management' lolemba Yee-Kuang Heng, pulofesa ku Yunivesite ya Tokyo. Kuphatikiza pa kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yowunikira komwe adasonkhanitsa, pakati pa zopereka zina, chiphunzitso cha chiwopsezo cha dziko lonse la filosofi wa ku Germany Ulrich Beck, Heng adawona kuti izi ndizochitika zokhazikika zomwe zingathe kuyendetsedwa pansi pa mfundo monga kusamala, proactivity (ndi non-reactivity). ), kuwerengera mwayi ndi zoopsa zadongosolo. Zonsezi zinali zogwirizana ndi lingaliro la "nkhondo zosakanizidwa" - kusinthika kwa nkhondo wamba ndi njira zachigawenga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito cyberspace, chuma ndi anthu ngati malo omenyera nkhondo - kwenikweni.
Ndikoyamba kuphunzira kuchokera ku nkhondo ya Russia ku Ukraine, koma ili ndi mbali yakale (chiwopsezo cha madera, kayendetsedwe ka magulu akuluakulu a asilikali, kukopa mbiri yakale, etc.) zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kuganiza za kubwerezabwereza zakale, monga ngati Putin anali kukopa Clausewitz. Palibe kukayikira kuti, posakhalitsa, chuma, kuwonjezera pa kutumikira monga nkhondo, chimaperekanso dongosolo lomvera zomwe zachitika.
