Akuyang'anira nthawi yake yachiwiri ya 2023-2026 monga Mlembi Wamkulu wa bungwe la Ibero-American States (OEI) la Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Chikhalidwe, bungwe lapakati pa maboma la mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko akumwera. Wopangidwa ndi mayiko a 23, kuphatikizapo Spain, Portugal ndi Andorra ndipo ali ndi likulu ku 20, lomaliza ku Havana (Cuba), Mariano Jabonero (San Martín de Valdeiglesias, 1953) adafuna kuonjezera ndi kulimbikitsa kupezeka kwake m'deralo.
Ndi 20 miliyoni omwe amapindula mwachindunji ndi ntchito zake m'zaka zinayi zapitazi, mapangano zikwi ziwiri omwe adasaina, ogwira nawo ntchito zikwi zinayi, pakati pawo ndi Multicultural Development Bank, Unesco ndi EU, ili ndi mutu womwe ukuyembekezera: kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse mokomera. za maphunziro.
-Nthawi yanu yam'mbuyomu idadziwika ndi Covid ndipo izi ziyamba ndi nkhondo komanso zovuta. Kodi mukukonzekera kuchita chiyani ndi mikhalidwe imeneyi?
-Mliriwu udatilanga makamaka, koma mawu athu anali akuti: OEI siyitseka. Njira yogwirira ntchito idakhazikitsidwa ndipo panali kuchepa kwa ntchito chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ndalama mu maphunziro. Magawo atatu omwe Covid adakhudzidwa kwambiri anali azaumoyo, omwe ali ndi matenda ambiri padziko lonse lapansi (30% mwa 7-8% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi); chuma cha mabanja, chifukwa cha malipiro otsika kwambiri, ndi maphunziro, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chidwi: mwa ophunzira 180 miliyoni omwe atsekeredwa, opitilira theka sangathe kupitiliza maphunziro awo pakompyuta. Izi, pamodzi ndi chiwerengero cha maola ena a sukulu omwe atayika, amapanga chiganizo cha Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN chomwe ndimakonda kwambiri: tsoka lachibadwidwe lachitika. Kuphunzira kochepa, mpikisano wocheperako komanso ntchito yoyipa komanso mwayi wamtsogolo. Njirayi ndi yowawa kwambiri, koma ndi momwe zilili. Pambuyo pa Covid panali kuchira kwina komwe kwakhala kukugwa ndipo mu 2023 padzakhala kuchepa kwachuma m'maiko angapo.
-Ndipo potengera kusatsimikizika komwe kulipo, kodi OEI ichita chiyani kuti ichepetse vutoli?
-Pali zinthu zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe zimachokera ku kugwa kwachuma chaboma komanso kuchuluka kwachuma m'maiko ena, motsatana. Chifukwa chiyani? Mayiko omwe amavutika ndi zofooka chifukwa cha nkhondo adzagula zipangizo -mafuta, nyama, tirigu ...- ku Venezuela, Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil ... Mwamsanga pamene maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe zapanga kusintha kwa digito. Tili pakusintha kwathunthu, tikugwira ntchito yokhazikitsa machitidwe osakanizidwa kuti ophunzira onse azikhala ndi mwayi wopezeka pamasom'pamaso ndi digito. Pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, digito iyi imabweretsa vuto laluntha komanso kukopera. Pazifukwa izi, ku Yunivesite ya Alicante tapanga mpando wolangiza Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe pakukweza ndi kuteteza ufuluwu.
-Pankhani ya kuchepa kwa ndalama za boma chifukwa cha mavutowa, zikhudza bwanji ntchito za bungweli?
-Sadzatero. Mapulogalamu onse opangidwa ndi OEI ndi ndalama. Palibe omwe amavomerezedwa popanda ndalama zam'mbuyomu; Izi zitha kukhala zoopsa zomwe sitiyenera kuziganizira.
"Nkhondo kapena zovuta sizidzakhudza ntchito za OEI. Palibe amene amavomerezedwa ngati alibe ndalama "
- Kodi mumapeza ndalama zotani?
—Maboma, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), CAF (Development Bank of Latin America), BCID (Central American Bank for Integration and Development) ndi Multilateral Development Bank (MDB). Kuphatikiza apo, tili ndi zida zathu komanso za EU.
-Kodi OEI ingathandizire bwanji kunyanja ya Ibero-America mphamvu yamphamvu pamlingo wa ena monga Asia?
“Tatsala pang’ono kumaliza mpikisanowu. Ndili ndi chiyembekezo: choyamba, tili ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zingabweretse chuma chambiri. Nkhani ya zopangira ikupanga mkangano waukulu wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo ku China ndi US, Latin America ndi gawo lomwe limatsutsana. Ndipotu, ndalama za China ku Latin America ndi zazikulu. Kachiwiri, ngati titha kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha digito, tidzapita patsogolo mwachangu. Kafukufuku ndiye chinthu chomwe chimabweretsa zatsopano komanso chidziwitso chochulukirapo. Dziko lotsogola kwambiri komanso lokopa la digito ndi dongosolo lomwe limapanga kupanga m'njira yabwino kwambiri, yotsika mtengo.
Pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu dera lidzakwaniritsa cholingacho
"Mukafika liti kumapeto?"
—Nkhani imene ilipo panopa ingakomere. Chofunikira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi womwe wapezeka pambuyo pa mliri. Nthawi yabwino yoti chigawochi chiziyenda bwino ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kapena kuposerapo. Ndiye milingo yabwinoko yaubwino ndi kugawa ndalama zikanatheka. Mwayi ndikukhala ndi gulu losiyana, lopangidwa ndi digito ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamalonda amkati. Tsopano, ntchito zamalonda ndi, makamaka, ndi China, US ndi Europe, zomwe sizimalimbitsa msika wamkati.
—Kodi zimenezo zikutanthauza kuti Ibero-America idzatha kukhala dera lotukuka m’zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zimenezo?
-EU idataya nthawi imeneyo kalekale chifukwa cha zigawo ndi mayiko omwe akusintha, chifukwa chake, mgwirizano womwe timachita wasintha: sulinso wanthawi zonse. Ndife odzipereka ku chidziwitso, kufufuza ndi luso lachitukuko ndi kusintha. Development Aid Funds (FAD) yopanda chiwongola dzanja ndi mbiri chifukwa maiko achoka muumphawi. Ndi Haiti ndi Nicaragua zokha. Bungwe la United Nations Economic Commission ku Latin America ndi Caribbean (ECLAC), lomwe timagwira nawo ntchito zambiri, limati "ndife mayiko omwe timakhala m'mavuto apakati" ndipo sizowona, palibe ndalama zapakati zoterezi. Pali umphawi wambiri, kufooka kwa mabungwe, kusagwirizana kwakukulu ...
"Populisms ndi zotsatira za kutopa kwademokalase. Nzika zasiya kukhulupirira maboma awo posaona zosowa zawo zikukwaniritsidwa.
—Kodi ndi mgwirizano wotani umene ukuchitika panopa?
"Choyamba, pitilizani. Sichitsanzo cha philanthropic chazaka makumi atatu zapitazo, koma mgwirizano womangidwa pamodzi. 90% ya ntchito zomwe zachitika ndi mayiko ndi madera akumidzi (Multilateral Banking). Kachiwiri, zimalumikizidwa ndi m'badwo wa chidziwitso, kafukufuku, chikhalidwe ndi sayansi. Izi ndizo madera awo akuluakulu a mgwirizano.
—Kodi ndi mbali yanji ya chisonkhezero chimenechi mumpangidwe watsopano wa mgwirizano umenewu m’maiko otukuka kumene ikugwirizana ndi OEI?
-Ndife bungwe lothandizira chitukuko m'madera atatu: Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Chikhalidwe. Timagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi maboma, timapanga zidziwitso zopanga zisankho, ndiko kuti, timapanga ndale potengera umboni wa datayo, osati zomwe zidachitika; Timachita maphunziro ndi kufufuza kwa maunduna pamavuto omwe alipo kuti awakonze ndipo timaphunzitsa akuluakulu ndi aphunzitsi. Zonsezi zimathandiza kuti dongosolo likhale loyendetsedwa bwino komanso logwira ntchito.
Mukunena kuti kukwera kwa maboma okonda anthu komanso ochita monyanyira kuderali ndi chiyani?
-Maboma asankhidwa ndi nzika, pali kusinthana. Pakhala pali vuto lalikulu chifukwa chikhalidwe cha anthu sichinagwire ntchito. Yatsopano iyenera kumangidwa, mgwirizano watsopano wamagulu. Kusakhutitsidwa kwa anthu ndi mabungwe omwe amalandila chithandizo kwawapangitsa kuti azivotera chipani china. M'zinthu zamaphunziro, zomwe ndikuzidziwa bwino, panali mayiko omwe anali ndi zopereka zochepa, zoperewera, komanso zoperewera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zochepa. Ndipo, pankhani yaumoyo, chitsanzo ndi cha Covid, chokhala ndi kachilombo kosalamulirika chifukwa njira zodzitetezera sizinagwire ntchito bwino. Mfundo imodzi ndiyakuti kuyambira 1960 ili ndi dera lokhalo padziko lapansi lomwe limakulitsa zokolola zake. Zimakhazikitsidwa m'njira ziwiri: muzinthu (timayang'anira kusanja muzinthu zopangira) komanso chidziwitso, zomwe ndizomwe zimathandizira kwambiri pakupanga. Ndipo chuma cha dziko lapansi ndi chidziwitso. Ndipo zinthu zonsezi zimamasulira kusowa kwa chitukuko.
—Ndipo kodi maulamuliro aulamulirowa sakukulirakulira chifukwa cha kusowa kwachitukuko ndi kusagwirizana komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi maboma amenewo?
-Awonjezeredwa ndi kutopa kwa demokalase. Nzika zasiya kukhulupirira maboma awo ndipo zasankha njira zina pamene zosowa zawo sizikukwaniritsidwa. Ndipo pamodzi ndi kusamuka uku kumachitika. Latin America nthawi zonse yakhala dziko losamuka chifukwa cha zachuma kapena ndale. Ndipo, kuyambira vuto la 2008, lomwe linali lofulumira komanso lovuta kwambiri ndi kusakhazikika kwakukulu kwachuma ndi ntchito, kusamuka kwamkati kwakula kwambiri: kuti kuchokera ku Nicaragua kupita ku Costa Rica wakhala wamphamvu kwambiri; ya Bolivia ndi Paraguay kupita ku Argentina, Chile kapena Brazil, chimodzimodzi. Zomwezo zachitika ndi kusamutsidwa kuchokera ku Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador ndi Haiti kupita ku US, komwe kuli kale anthu olankhula Chisipanishi 52 miliyoni, oposa theka la iwo ndi Mexico. Ku Ulaya, anasamuka pang’ono, makamaka ku Spain chifukwa cha zachuma.
-Ndi vuto lanji lomwe lakhazikitsidwa muzaka zinayi izi 2023-2026?
-Kuchokera kwa opindula 20 miliyoni omwe OEI yawasamalira mwachindunji ndi mliri.
- Kodi mutu wanu ukuyembekezera chiyani?
-Siyani OEI yophatikizika, yokhala ndi kupezeka kwakukulu m'derali, chifukwa ndikofunikira kukhala pamalopo. Ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse mokomera maphunziro kuti apange mgwirizano wolimba. Ngati mgwirizano uwu uchitika, kupita patsogolo kuyenera kukhala kofunikira kwambiri. Apa kuwonjezera sikuwonjezera, kuchulukitsa.
