ʻOi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana o Avecrem bouillon cubes i Sepania i waenakonu o ke Kaua Kivila a lilo i mea kaulana i kēlā mau makahiki o ka hemahema, ua hōʻike ʻia i nā mana i kāna 'Result of. nā hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia me ka noʻonoʻo e ʻimi i nā ala e hoʻonui ai i ke ola o ke koa me ka hoʻouka ʻole ʻana i ka Real Herario'. I loko o kēia hōʻike i hoʻouna ʻia ma Ianuali 22, 1791, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Joseph Luis Proust (1754-1826) i 36 mau laʻana o ka gelatin i hana ʻia mai nā iwi bipi, hipa kāne a puaʻa paha. ʻO nā pahu kūʻai kahiko loa i ʻike ʻia.
I kēia mau lā, ua humuhumu ʻia lākou me ke kaula i ka pepa melemele i hoʻouna ʻia aku ai. Ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia lākou i loko o ka General Archive of Simancas (AGS), e like me nā pī koko ʻekolu i hoʻouna ʻia mai ka Ferrol customs i 1795 a i ʻole kahi laʻana o ka paka, mai ke kenekulia XNUMX mai, a me ke kānalua ʻole, ua nalowale kona. honi. ʻO ka hale kākela kahiko ʻo Valladolid kahi i mālama ai ʻo Carlos I a me kāna keiki hoʻohihi ʻo Felipe II i kēia mau mea a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me nā palapala nui i hana ʻia e ka mōʻī Sepania mai ka kenekulia XNUMX a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX.
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea ʻekolu-dimensional i mālama ʻia ma Simancas he lehulehu o nā lole, nā laʻana o nā ʻaʻahu a i ʻole nā ʻupena lawaiʻa, nā pōkā, nā ʻāpana a me kahi niho, kahi ʻōpala i unuhi ʻia mai ke Aliʻi Ferdinand o Naples i kona wā he 11 makahiki a i hoʻouna ʻia i ka makahiki 1762 e kona makuakāne, ʻo King Carlos III. Ma ke kāleka i hoʻouna ʻia e Domenico Cattaneo della Volta, ke keiki aliʻi o San Nicandro a me ke kumu aʻo o ke aliʻi, ua haʻi aku ka hope i ka mōʻī e pono ʻo ia e unuhi i ka niho o ke keiki no ka mea, ma muli o ke aʻa lōʻihi a ʻoi, ʻaʻole i hāʻule i waho. No ka moʻolelo, ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i ka tusk "allegato alla lettera" ("glued to the letter").
ʻO nā mea like ʻole ʻo Tusk o ke Aliʻi Ferdinand o Naples (ma luna), ma mua o ke kenekulia 1782, ka nila humuhumu a me ka pāpaʻi pulupulu ʻaʻahu i hoʻouna ʻia i XNUMX. General Archive of Simancas
He mea kupanaha ka loaʻa ʻana ma Simancas i kahi nila humuhumu, i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. "Ma muli paha o kekahi hana maʻamau i loko o ka hoʻokele ponoʻī o ka paʻa ʻana i nā palapala me nā pine a i ʻole nā nila" no ka mea "a laila ʻaʻohe clips," ʻo Julia Rodríguez de Diego.
The Age of Enlightenment... a me nā laʻana
Hōʻike ka luna hoʻomalu o ka AGS i waena o nā mea hoihoi loa i nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka waihona. ʻOi aku ma mua o 400 mau laʻana textile "he ʻano laʻa ʻole o kahi hōʻiliʻili," wahi a Francisca Romero. Ua aʻo maikaʻi kēia mea hoʻihoʻi i nā waiwai moʻomeheu i kēia mau laʻana, ʻo lākou a pau mai ke kenekulia 2017, no kāna palapala kauka kauka 'I ka moeʻuhane o ke kumu e hoʻohua maikaʻi ai' (XNUMX).
"ʻO nā laʻana ka ʻāpana kiʻi i kākau i nā leka ma waena o nā hale hana a me ka hoʻokele. He hana maʻamau nō hoʻi ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā laʻana o nā lole a me nā kala i loko o nā leka o ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā mea ulana a me nā mea pena, "wahi a Romero, nāna i noiʻi i kēia mau hōʻiliʻili e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hana mua o nā lole mai nā mea i hana ʻia ma hope o 1807 a me ka palapala ua hana ʻia nā mea me nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā huahana i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia XNUMX. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka AGS i ʻae iā ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka holomua o ka manawa a me ka hana o nā Royal Factories a me kā lākou pilina me ke Aliʻi.
Ua hele mai kekahi mau kiko kiko mai ka General Directorate of Revenue, ka mea ma waena o kāna mau hana i mālama i ka Dute. ʻO nā huahana a pau i komo a haʻalele paha i nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka uku o ka uku transit a no kēlā me kēia, e pili ana i kona waiwai a me ka maikaʻi, ua uku ʻia kahi uku kikoʻī.
"He papa inoa nā luna kūʻai, me kahi puke laʻana, nāna i hōʻiliʻili i nā laʻana o nā lole like ʻole a me kā lākou kuleana e hōʻiliʻili, e like me ko lākou ʻano," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Rodríguez de Diego. ʻAʻole i like ka ʻauhau no ka ʻaʻahu ʻulaʻula. "Ua wehewehe kēia i ke ola ʻana o nā laʻana lole he nui," wahi a ka mea nāna i mālama i ka faila.
He mea laʻana o nā lole o ke kenekulia XNUMX. General Archive of Simancas
ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau laʻana he lole lole i lawe ʻia mai. ʻO nā laʻana o ka hana ʻāina mai ke kālā o ka Secretariat and Superintendency of Finance a pili i nā lilo a me nā kūlana i hana ʻia ma ka Royal Textile Factories.
He kuleana ko nā hale lole lole e hōʻike aku i mua o ke aloaliʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā laʻana o nā lole i hiki ke hana ʻia ma ke ʻano nui, e hōʻoia i ko lākou makemake aliʻi o nā mōʻī. No laila ua lilo ka ʻAha i kānana mua no ka hana ʻana i kēlā ʻoihana lole ʻāina a nā kiʻi i makemake ai e hana i ke ʻano o nā mea e kū nei ma nā ʻāina ʻē.
"ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka pilina ākea a hōʻikeʻike loa o nā puke laʻana textile", hōʻuluʻulu ka luna o ka AGS.
Nā lole a me ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa
Nui nō hoʻi kēia waihona i nā lole ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻano pulupulu ʻelua, gimped, nā lipine no nā pāpale a me nā laʻana lole a me nā pihi ʻē aʻe i hana i nā ʻaʻahu o nā hui like ʻole a me nā regiment koa a ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia i ka wā Enlightenment. Mai ka pūʻali koa Santo Domingo, no ka laʻana, aia kahi laʻana o ka continuum keʻokeʻo i hana ʻia nā ʻaʻahu no nā pūʻali, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia ai nā ʻaʻahu a me nā ʻūhā.
He kiʻi kālai ʻia o ka ʻaʻahu ʻaʻahu o ka Corps of Engineers o 1751 General Archive o Simancas
ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia nā laʻana i hoʻouna ʻia i nā lole koa. Aia kekahi kaula, kāwele, ligging a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa ma ke kai a ma ka ʻāina. Hiki ke loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kaola kila e hana i nā pahi kaua ma ka Royal Factory o Toledo, nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pōkā alakaʻi a me kahi pā e hoʻōki ai i kahi pōkā raifela.
"Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea a pau me nā faila a i ʻole nā leka e pili ana iā ia e hoʻohālikelike a wehewehe"
ʻO Julia Rodriguez de Diego
Luna Hoʻokele o ka Simancas Archive
Aia kekahi mau kālā, ʻoiai ua hōʻailona ʻia lākou e kali ana i ka ʻae aliʻi ma mua o ka hana ʻia ʻana. A me nā laʻana o nā sila wax. Ma kekahi mau laʻana i hele pū me kekahi mau palapala 'āina e Jorge Juan i ka Marqués de la Ensenada mai 1749, ua hoʻopili ʻia kekahi o lākou, hiki ke heluhelu ʻia ʻo kekahi o nā peʻa mai nā hale hana o Lākana a ʻo kekahi "kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi. hana hale «.
E like me ka wehewehe ʻana o Rodríguez de Diego, "ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka luku ʻia ʻana o kēia mau laʻana ma waena o nā palapala o ke kenekulia XNUMX", i hāʻawi ʻia i ka manaʻo i makemake ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻomālamalama e hāʻawi i ka holomua ma nā wahi āpau: hoʻokele waiwai, pūʻali koa, mahiʻai. pili i nā palapala kiʻi nani a me nā palapala kiʻi i loaʻa mai kēlā kenekulia, me ka hana kupanaha o nā palapala kiʻi o nā hana hoʻolālā āpau i hana ʻia ma ke kahua kaua (nā hale kaua, nā mea kaua, nā awa, etc.) alanui a me nā hale lole lole , paka, mea kaua…”, dice.
Nā ʻāpana ʻāpana
Hōʻike nā mea ʻē aʻe i kā lākou moʻolelo ponoʻī. E like me ka tricolor cockade o ka French National Assembly o 1789, ka makahiki o ka Revolution, i loaʻa me nā palapala 'āina like ʻole mai ka mea kūʻai aku ʻo Vasco Fermín de Sansinenea e pili ana i nā hana ʻAmelika a me nā passport. A i ʻole ke kī o ka pahu i loaʻa nā pepa a ka Makua Bernardo Ibáñez, he Jesuit mai Vitoria nāna i kākau i kahi hana ma ka moku Jesuit o Paraguay.
ʻO Tricolor cockade mai 1759 (luna), kī i ka pahu o ka Jesuit Bernardo Ibáñez a me nā laʻana o nā lole XNUMXth century General Archive of Simancas
Hōʻike ka waihona moʻolelo i ka waihona 1762 holoʻokoʻa i hui pū me nā mea koʻikoʻi me nā pepa mokuʻāina i paʻa ʻia e Ibáñez a hoʻokūpaʻa i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia e Campomanes, i koho ʻia i kēlā makahiki kālā e ka Council of Castilla.
"Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea āpau me nā faila a i ʻole nā leka e pili ana iā ia, e hoʻohālikelike a wehewehe i ia," wahi a Rodríguez de Diego. ʻO ka mea decontextualized he "kūʻokoʻa", hōʻoia ʻo ia.
Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o kēia mau mea i ka palapala i hoʻouna ʻia ai lākou a koi i ka mālama kūikawā a me ka pale ʻana, hana lākou i kahi hōʻiliʻili o kā lākou iho i ka AGS i "ua kūkākūkā nui ʻia ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa", hōʻoia ka luna o ka waihona, ʻoiai. kona hoihoi Aia i ke kumuhana e noiʻi ʻia nei. Malia paha i kūpono ʻole kekahi mau ʻāpana, e like me ka niho, i nā haʻawina a ka poʻe i hele mai i Simancas no ka palapala. Akā, ʻo ia kahi ʻike hou aʻe o kahi wahi kūʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia e Unesco ʻo 'Memory of the world'.
