ʻO ka manaʻo e hele ana nā mea lawaiʻa Basque a me nā lawaiʻa ʻē aʻe mai nā kūlanakauhale ma ke kahakai ʻo Cantabrian i Newfoundland (Kanada), ma kahi o ka makahiki 1375, ma mua o ko Christopher Columbus hana ʻana pēlā, he liʻiliʻi nā hōʻike mōʻaukala a hoʻokahi wale nō mea maopopo: ua waiho nā Spaniards i kahi hōʻailona hohonu ma ka aoao komohana akau o Kanada. No laila, i ka manawa i kapa ʻia ai e ka mea hoʻokele Pelekane ʻo Jacques Cartier ʻo Canada a ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kēia mau ʻāina hou - Terra Nova - no ka Lei aliʻi Farani, ua kākau ʻo ia i kahi ʻike kamahaʻo i kāna mau palapala: "Ma kēlā mau wai mamao i loaʻa iā lākou he tausani Basques e lawaiʻa ana i ka cod".
Ma kahi o ka makahiki 1001, ua hoʻonoho ʻo 'The Icelandic Viking Sagas' i nā huakaʻi a Leif Ericson ma Helluland, Markland a me kāna mea
kapa ʻia ʻo Vinland ("Pasture Land"). A ʻo nā noiʻi archaeological, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻoia i ka noho ʻana o kahi noho ʻākau, ʻo 'L'Anse aux Meadows', ma Newfoundland, i haʻi ʻia he World Heritage Site e UNESCO i ka makahiki 1978, i komo pū me nā haʻawina genetic i hana ʻia. ʻae ʻia, ma muli o ko lākou ʻano ephemeral, ʻaʻole lākou i noho ma ka ʻāina nui o ʻAmelika.
Palapala ʻāina o nā koholā o ka ʻAkelanika ʻĀkau, 1592.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua lanakila ka poʻe Viking e nā Basques. Wahi a ka mana koʻikoʻi o ka moʻolelo, ua hōʻea nā Basques i Newfoundland ma kahi o ke kenekulia XNUMX a ua hoʻoholo lākou e mālama i ka mea huna e pale aku ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kai lawaiʻa o ia wahi me nā ʻauwaʻa ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o ka moʻoʻōlelo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻōlelo ʻia i ka wā i hui ai ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi Farani me nā kamaʻāina o Newfoundland, ua hoʻokipa lākou iā lākou me ke ʻano "Apezak hobeto!" ("ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kāhuna!", ma Basque), ua hoʻohana nā luina Basque i ke ʻano pane inā nīnau kekahi iā lākou e pili ana i ko lākou olakino.
Me he mea lā he ʻano ʻimi ʻana ia no ka Grail Hemolele, ua hana pū ka poʻe hoʻokele Pukiki i nā makahiki he mau makahiki ma mua o ka huakaʻi ʻo Columbus i ka mokupuni ʻo Bacalao (i kapa ʻia ʻo "Bachalaos"), i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano ākea ma nā palapala ʻāina o ke kenekulia 1472 ma kahi kokoke mai Newfoundland. . No laila, ua hiki aku ka Pukiki ʻo Joao Vaz Corte Real i kahi kokoke i Newfoundland i ka makahiki XNUMX, a ke manaʻo nei hoʻi ua pili ʻo ia i nā kapa o nā kahawai ʻo Hudson a me Saint Lawrence.
I loko o ke kenekulia e hiki mai ana, ua noho mau nā lawaiʻa ʻEulopa o nā koholā a me nā cod ma Newfoundland. Wahi a Caroline Ménard's doctoral thesis 'Galician Fishing in Terranova centuries, XVI-XVIII' (Santiago de Compostela University, 2006), ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lawaiʻa cod ma waena o nā Basques, Bretons a me Normans ma kēia ʻāina. Ua ukali ʻia ka poʻe Palani e ka poʻe Pukiki, a laila ka poʻe Galician. ʻO ka huakaʻi mua i Newfoundland i hana ʻia e kahi Galician i 1504, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Pontevedra, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ʻaelike hoʻolimalima i hui pū i kahi mea kālepa mai Pontevedra, Fernando de la Torre, me kahi luina mai Betanzos, Juan de Betanços. , no laila ua lawelawe ʻia kēia i ka mea mua ma kahi hoʻolaha e lawaiʻa i ke cod, no ka uku o ʻelima mau ducat gula.
Mai ia makahiki mai, ua pinepine ka lawaiʻa kalepa, ka moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻololi ʻana paha ma waena o Galician, Basque (Biscayan and Gipuzkoan) lawaiʻa a me Newfoundland Amerindians. I ka makahiki 1527, holo kekahi moku Pelekane i Newfoundland a halawai me 50 mau moku lawaia Paniolo, Palani, a me Pukiki. ʻO nā hale hana Sepania i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma nā kahakai o Newfoundland, Labrador a me ke Kaiwa o Saint Lawrence e hui pū ʻia a hiki i 9.000 poʻe i kekahi mau kau a lilo lākou i ʻoihana nui mua i ka mōʻaukala o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ʻO ke kumu waiwai nui o ke koholā i loko o ka momona o ka holoholona, a ma hope i hoʻololi ʻia i ʻaila i kapa ʻia he olakino.
ʻO ka mua he kikowaena cod nui, ua lilo ka Mokupuni o Newfoundland i mea i makemake nui ʻia no ka poʻe koholā. ʻO ka moʻomeheu o ka hula ma ke Kaiʻo Biscay mai ka Middle Ages, ma laila kahi mea hoʻoikaika nui no nā kūlanakauhale kahakai. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka waiwai i loko o ka momona o ka holoholona, ma hope i hoʻololi ʻia i ʻaila i kapa ʻia he olakino. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia huahana no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana a puhi ʻia me ka ʻole o ka puhi ʻana i ka uahi a i ʻole ka ʻala. Pēlā nō, lilo nā iwi i mea kūkulu hale no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lako. ʻAʻole ʻai ʻia ka ʻiʻo ma Sepania, akā ua paʻakai ʻia a kūʻai ʻia i nā Farani.
Ma muli o ka luhi i loko o ka Catabric o kēia mau holoholona, i hele mai i ʻaneʻi i ka wā hānau keiki, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻae ʻia ka lele ʻana o kēia poʻe lawaiʻa e ʻimi i nā wahi lawaiʻa ʻē aʻe. I nā ʻumi makahiki mai 1530 a i 1570, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana koholā. ʻO ka ʻauwaʻa he kanakolu paha mau moku, i hoʻokele ʻia e nā kānaka ʻoi aku ʻelua tausani, nāna i hopu i ʻehā haneli kohola i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka wāwae wāwae ma Newfoundland
Ua hoʻomaka ka huakaʻi huakaʻi makahiki o ka poʻe lawaiʻa me ko lākou haʻalele ʻana mai ka Iberia Peninsula i ka pule ʻelua o Iune. He 60 mau lā ka lōʻihi o ka holo ʻana o ka ʻAkelanika, a hōʻea i Newfoundland i ka hapa ʻelua o ʻAukake, kahi manawa e ʻae ai i nā koholā i ko lākou neʻe ʻana mai ka Moana Arctic a i ke Kai Hema. Ua hoʻomau ka hahai holoholona a hiki i ka hopena o ka makahiki, i ka wā i hiki mai ai ka hoʻoilo i uhi ʻia nā wai o ke kai kūʻono i ka hau a ua paʻakikī loa ka hoʻokele ʻana. ʻO ia ke kumu i noho ai nā moku i hiki ʻole ke hopu i kahi ʻāpana i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ka wā hoʻoilo. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka huakaʻi hoʻi, ma waena o 30 a 40 mau lā, mahalo i nā au a me nā makani maikaʻi.
Mokupuni o Newfoundland, ike ia mai ka ukali.
Wahi a ka holomua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻo nā lawaiʻa cod a me nā mea hahai i nā ballads mai ka Peninsula e wikiwiki a emi. ʻO ke komo ʻana i ka ʻike ʻAmelika o nā luina Farani, Pelekane, Denemaka a me Dutch, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hana ma Newfoundland. Ua hiki mai ka Moi o Farani e papa i ka lawaia ana o na Sepania ma kona mau kai, me ka hoole i ka haawi ia lakou i na palapala palapala a me ka pale ana i na luina Farani e kau maluna o na moku Sepania, he hana i hana ia no ka pono o na Farani no ka hana o ka auwaha cod. . ʻO ke Kuʻikahi o Utrecht, ka mea i hōʻailona i ka holo ʻana o Newfoundland mai Farani a i ka lima Pelekane, ʻo ia ka hopena hope loa i kahi ʻoihana ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e like me ka wā ma mua.
Me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka moku moana ikaika ma ia wahi, ua hilinaʻi ka poʻe lawaiʻa Sepania i nā ʻaelike me ka poʻe Farani a me ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, kahi i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea iā lākou. Me ka makemake nui o ka cod ma Sepania, ua hoʻonui ka poʻe lawaiʻa Pelekane i loko o kekahi mau makahiki e like me nā mea hoʻolako nui loa o kēia mau iʻa, i komo i loko o ka Peninsula ma Galicia a ʻaʻole i kūpono ka wai i nā pono o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka mea hope loa a ka poʻe Pelekāne i makemake ai, ʻo ia ka poʻe Galician e ʻike iā Newfoundland e loaʻa ai nā mea kūʻai a lākou i kūʻai aku ai ma Sepania.
Ua waiho ʻo Basques a me nā peninsular ʻē aʻe i kahi hōʻailona hohonu i ka poʻe noho o ka Mokupuni o Newfoundland. ʻO ka nui o nā helu maoli o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe no Sepania. ʻO kahi laʻana, hōʻike ʻia ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Port-aux-Basques ma nā palapala ʻāina mai 1612; ʻO Port-au-Choix kahi distortion o Portuchoa, "puka liʻiliʻi"; a ʻo Ingonachoix (Aingura Charra) ka unuhi ʻana ma ke ʻano he "pilikia ʻino". Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻōlelo Galician ma ka toponymy. Hōʻike ʻia ka helu o Ferrol ma ka palapala ʻāina 1674 o Newfoundland e ʻike ai i ka lae ʻākau o ka mokupuni.
