"Mai hana ino i kahi e uhi ai!" ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻōlelo i lohe ʻia ma nā kahakai Sepania i kēlā me kēia kauwela. "Ke hana nei ʻoe i ka keke ma ʻaneʻi?" Nīnau pinepine lākou i nā mākua o nā kamaliʻi. He nīnau i nīnau ʻia e nā ʻenekinia mai ka honua o ka makani waho e hoʻokomo i nā paka moana a i ʻole nā pākaʻi ma ke kahakai ʻāina.
ʻO nā wili makani ma ke kai kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoponopono i ko lākou mau lau a i ʻole ma nā huaʻōlelo moana i kā lākou mau peʻa e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea ʻokoʻa i nā wahie fossil. I ka makahiki 2021 i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokumu ka ʻāina i ka 35,3 gigawatts (GW) o ka ikehu, e hāʻawi ana i ka hapakolu o nā Pelekane. ʻO kahi lāhui kahi i manaʻo ai ʻo Sepania e hana ma waena o hoʻokahi a ʻekolu GWh i 2030", e like me ke Kuhina o Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge, Teresa Ribera.
"I loko o ke kai ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻokomo ʻia," wahi a Tomás Romagosa, ka luna ʻenehana a me ka mea hoʻonohonoho o ka hui hana makani o waho o ka Wind Energy Business Association (AEE).
Pono ma kahi ʻāina me ka ʻoi aku o 6.000 mau kilomita o ke kahakai a ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo: "Hana ʻoe i ka keke?". ʻAʻole ka pane. "He hohonu loa ko mākou kahakai," wahi a Romagosa. "He mea koʻikoʻi loa ia e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā Sepania mai ʻEulopa ʻĀkau," wehewehe ʻo Antonio Turiel, kahi mea noiʻi CSIC ma ka Institute of Marine Sciences.
ʻO ke kai e ʻauʻau ai i ka United Kingdom, Denmark, Kelemānia, Belgium a me Netherlands he awelika hohonu o 700 mika. "He kai papaʻu loa ia a me ka anthropized kai," wahi a Turiel. Hoʻopili kēia mau wai i ka 64% o ka GW i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mana makani o waho i ka makahiki 2021. "Ma Sepania he haiki loa a hiki koke i ka pali continental kahi e hiki koke ai ʻoe i ka hohonu o 2.500 mika ma ke Kaiwaenahonua a hiki i 4.000 mika ma ka Atlantika. " . "ʻO kēia kekahi o nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma Sepania", hōʻike ʻo Pablo Finkielstein, ka luna o ka pā makani makani Siemens Gamesa ma Sepania.
ʻenehana holomua
ʻO ka mamao i ke kai kekahi o nā kī o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana i hala ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope. ʻO ka Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm ka mahiʻai makani mua loa ma ka mōʻaukala a loaʻa iā ia he 11 turbines makani, "ʻoiai ua kokoke loa ia i ke kahakai", wahi a Finkielstein, akā "ua lawelawe ia e hōʻike i kona hiki".
Ua loaʻa i ka paka he 4,95 megawatts o ka mana me ʻumi mau turbines i hele i ka moena o ke Kai ʻĀkau. "I kēia manawa ua holomua ka ʻenehana", hoʻohui ka mea nāna e mālama iā Siemens Gamesa. ʻOi aku ka paʻa o nā lau, ʻoi aku ka nui a ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou hiki ke hana. Eia naʻe, ke "hana mua nei ka heleuma".
Ke ʻimi nei ka mahiʻai makani o waho e lana ma nā kai o Sepania
Nā ʻano turbines i ke kai
ʻenehana paʻa paʻa
ʻenehana makani lana
paepae semi-submersible
ʻO nā paepae i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻEulopa
paepae semi-submersible
Ke ʻimi nei ka mahiʻai makani o waho e lana ma nā kai o Sepania
Nā ʻano turbines i ke kai
ʻenehana paʻa paʻa
ʻenehana makani lana
paepae semi-submersible
ʻO nā paepae i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻEulopa
paepae semi-submersible
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka 28.210 megawatts o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana ma waho, 99,6% ka grouting paʻa. "Ma Sepania, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe no ka hohonu o ke kai," wahi a María Moreno, Luna Nui o Greenalia Power Spain. ʻO ka hoʻonā Paniolo e hele i ke koho "floating". "Ua like ka ʻōnaehana, no ka mea, ua like ka hanauna, aia wale nō ma luna o nā hale lana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lepo me nā kaulahao," wahi āna.
ʻO kēia kekahi o nā prototypes a ka hui Galician e makemake ai e hoʻokomo i ke kahakai o Gran Canaria. Hele kona mau mokulele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mahiʻai makani me ka mana o 50 MW, "ka ikehu e hoʻolako i kahi heluna o nā hale ʻoi aku ma mua o 70.000," i wehewehe ai ka hui ma kahi ʻōlelo. "ʻO ka makani makani waho kahi manawa kūpono loa no nā mokupuni ʻo Canary, pono ia i mea nui," kākoʻo ʻo Romagosa. "Ma kēia wahi he nui nā venus me ke kahakai Cantabrian a me ke kahakai i mua o Gerona," wahi āna.
Mahiʻai makani waho. – Iberdrola
ʻO kahi pili i loko o ka pā moku. "I ka mahina o Dekemaba, ua paʻi ke Aupuni i ka palapala alanui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka makani o waho," wahi a ka mea hoʻoponopono o ka hui hana makani o waho o AEE. Akā, 'a'ole nele nā kauoha ali'i a me nā kauoha kuhina'. "ʻO kā mākou hiʻohiʻona e mākaukau ia i ka hopena o ka makahiki, i hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kūʻai mua no nā papahana ʻoihana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki e hiki mai ana," wahi a nā kumu mai ka Ministry for the Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge.
"ʻO kā mākou wānana e mākaukau ke kānāwai e pili ana i ka mana makani o waho i ka hopena o ka makahiki" Kuhina no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ecological a me Demographic Challenge
Me kēia mau mea e hoʻoholo ana i ka Maritime Space Management Plan (POEM) "e puʻunaue i nā wahi o ke kai a me kāna mau hoʻohana," wahi a Romagosa. "Aia mākou ma hope o ka papa manawa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻōki i ka ʻoihana," ʻōlelo aʻo ʻo Moreno.
E manaʻo ke Aupuni ma waena o 500 a me 1.000 miliona ka hoʻopukapuka kālā e pono ai e hoʻonui i ka ʻoihana awa a hoʻolaha i kēia ʻoihana. "ʻO mākou kekahi o nā hale hana makani makani waho nui loa o ʻEulopa, akā me ka ʻole o kahi mākeke kūloko ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia," i wehewehe ai ka Luna Nui o Greenalia Power Spain.
Ka hopena o ke kaiapuni
Ma waena o nā hoʻoponopono e kali nei i ke kuhina ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o kēia mau keʻena. "ʻOi aku ka hopena o ka cimentation paʻa ma muli o kāu hana," wehewehe ʻo Turiel. I kēia hihia, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kahi pou nui "i hele i ka honua", wahi a ka mea noiʻi CSIC. "He hana paʻakikī ia," wahi a ke poʻo o ka makani waho ma Siemens Gamesa ma Sepania.
Hana ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kēia mau hale ma ke awa, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai lākou i ke kai kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopaʻa hope iā lākou ma ka ʻāina. "ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka ʻāina a ʻokoʻa nā kumukūʻai o ka moku ma waena o 250.000 a me 300.000 euros i kēlā me kēia lā," wahi a Finkielstein. "A laila hoʻopau ia i ka hana mana."
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o kahi mahiʻai makani waho
ʻO ka uila i hana ʻia i loko o ka mīkini hana e alakaʻi ʻia i loko o ka hale kiaʻi
Ua hoʻololi ka mea hoʻololi i ke au pololei i ke au ʻokoʻa
Hoʻokiʻekiʻe ka mea hoʻololi i ka volta (33 kV - 66 kV) e lawe i ke ʻano ma o ka paka
Hoʻouna ʻia ka uila ma o nā kaula submarine i ka substation
I loko o ka substation, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka uila i ka mana kiʻekiʻe (+150 kV)
Lawe ʻia ka uila ma o ka pūnaewele hoʻolaha i nā home
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o kahi mahiʻai makani waho
ʻO ka uila i hana ʻia i loko o ka mīkini hana e alakaʻi ʻia i loko o ka hale kiaʻi
Ua hoʻololi ka mea hoʻololi i ke au pololei i ke au ʻokoʻa
Lawe ʻia ka uila ma o ka pūnaewele hoʻolaha i nā home
I loko o ka substation, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka uila i ka mana kiʻekiʻe (+150 kV)
Hoʻokiʻekiʻe ka mea hoʻololi i ka volta (33 kV - 66 kV) e lawe i ke ʻano ma o ka paka
Hoʻouna ʻia ka uila ma o nā kaula submarine i ka substation
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo loa ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka kaiaola. "Me kēia hana, hoʻopōʻino ʻo ia i ke kai holoʻokoʻa," wahi a Turiel. "Pēlā nō me ka mea lana, no ka mea, pili ia i nā kaulahao catenary i hāʻule i lalo i ka lepo a hiki ke kahili i lalo a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe nui ʻia."
ʻO kahi hopena e loaʻa iā mākou i ka manawa o ka hoʻokomo ʻana, inā ʻaʻole i ka wā o ke ola pono o ka paka, ʻo ia ka "ma waena o 25 a 30 mau makahiki," hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Finkielstein. Hoʻopili ʻia nā turbine makani i kekahi i kekahi e nā uwea e iho ana i lalo o nā mea hoʻokele, ma ke ʻano o ka cementation paʻa, a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia, i ka hihia o ka mea lana, i ke kai. "Hā nui kēia i ka uila a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale a i ʻole electrocute i ka Animaux," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Turiel.
Ma kāna aʻo ʻana i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke moʻolelo Science of the Total Environment, hui pū ʻo Turiel i kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi Sepania e pale aku i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā paka ma nā wahi palekana o ke Kaiwaenahonua. "ʻO nā kani, nā haʻalulu a me nā kahua electromagnetic o nā kaula hiki ke hoʻemi i nā hopu," wahi a Turiel.
Pēlā nō, hōʻike ka noiʻi ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia nā hopena i ke kahakai, akā e hōʻea pū i nā kaona mua o ke kahakai. Pono kēia mau heluna kanaka e hoʻokomo i nā ʻoihana (nā alanui komo, nā substations, nā laina hoʻouna uila a i ʻole nā hale kūʻokoʻa) hiki ke hōʻino i nā kaiaola palupalu, e like me nā buffers.
