Umthamo wokugcina ophindwe kashumi kune-graphite, into esetshenziswa kuze kube manje kumabhethri e-lithium-ion ukukhuthaza ukushaja. Lesi yisizathu sokuqagela ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon eminyakeni ezayo, kokubili 'kuma-smartphone' namadivayisi kanye nama-anode amabhethri emoto (umkhakha lapho i-Volkswagen isanda kumemezela khona ukwakhiwa okuzayo kwe-gigafactory eSagunto. ukwenza amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi, okulindelwe isizukulwane semisebenzi eyizi-3.000). Futhi izinkampani ezifana neSila Nanotechnologies, e-United States, ziqinisekisile ukuqala kokukhiqizwa kwamayunithi abo okuqala ebhethri ngale mineral.
ISpain inezikhungo eziningana zocwaningo ezisebenza ngale mineral, eyesibili ngobuningi emhlabeni futhi ifinyeleleka kalula kune-graphite (njengakwezinye izimo eziningi -ngokwesibonelo, 'imihlaba engavamile'-, ene-Chinese hegemony ), njengoba ikhona amatshe noma isihlabathi, futhi lapho isikhishiwe, ingaqala umjikelezo wayo wokuphila owusizo.
Yilokhu abakwenzayo kwa-Floatech, i-spin-off ye-IMDEA Materials (isikhungo socwaningo esixhumene noMphakathi waseMadrid), esixhaswe nguJuan José Vilatela kanye no-Richard Schäufele, ingxenye ye-Multifunctional Nanocomposites Group yalesi sikhungo.
Okwamanje nekusasa
U-Vilatela, unjiniyela womzimba ovela e-Universidad Iberoamericanna de México kanye neziqu zobudokotela ezivela eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, ugqamisa ingqikithi yokusebenza ngale nto: kanye nokwehliswa kwesisindo nosayizi”.
Njengophawu lomcwaningi, ukusungulwa okusha kugxile ekucwengiseni inqubo ukuze ibe yonke indawo 'esizalweni esihle' sokukhiqiza okukhulu, intengo ephansi... ngokubuyiswa kokukhiqizwa okusimeme: "I-Silicon idinga inqubo yokuguqulwa ibe yinto esetshenziswayo, ngoba okuzothi uma i-Floatech iqedwe zonke izincibilikisi kanye nenqubo yokuxutshwa, ukuze kuncishiswe umkhondo wemvelo”. Ukuvakasha phakathi nendawo yokutshala izimali, ngenhloso yokwakha isitshalo sokuqala sokuhlola ngo-2023 nokuba nomkhiqizo olungile ngo-2025 (babe nokusekelwa kwe-European Research Council, kusukela kuphrojekthi yokuphumelela ocwaningweni).
Yiqiniso, nakuba i-silicon iza igcwele izinzuzo, iveza okubalulekile, njengokuqhekeka kwayo ngenxa yezinguquko eziqhubekayo zevolumu evamile yenqubo yokushaja nokukhipha kumabhethri e-lithium-ion. Ngalo mqondo, uCarmen Morant, uProfessor we-Applied Physics e-Autonomous University of Madrid, uqokomisa ukubaluleka kwale mineral: “Kuyethembisa kakhulu njenge-anode material yamabhethri e-lithium, ngoba iyisici esinamandla aphakeme kakhulu athiyori. futhi kuningi kakhulu ngemvelo. Kungase kubaluleke kakhulu, isibonelo, ekugcinweni kwamandla avuselelekayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuhluka okukhulu kwevolumu okwenzeka ekusungulweni / ukukhishwa kwe-lithium ku-silicon, lapho impahla ikhula futhi yehla ngevolumu kuze kube izikhathi ezine, i-anode iqhekeka, iphuka futhi ibhethri ilahlekelwa ukuzinza. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sifunda indlela yokwandisa impilo ewusizo yalawa mabhethri ngokusebenzisa izinto ezisezingeni elincane, njengesibonelo, amafilimu amancane e-silicon nama-silicon nanowires”.
Isixazululo kube yisinyathelo somzimba esibalulekile, njengoba u-Morant ebonisa, "ngokusebenza ngezendlalelo ezincane kakhulu ze-silicon nokwenza ama-silicon nanowires aqondaniswe mpo. Ukuyibona ngeso lengqondo, kungaba yinto efana ne-spikes yobuhlungu, phakathi kwalezo zikhala ezikhuphuka ngevolumu zingafakwa ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokulayisha ". Uchwepheshe ubuye agqamise ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-silicon kulo mkhakha: "i-crystalline (ebiza kakhulu futhi ayikwazi ukuhweba), kanye ne-amorphous, i-porous eyengeziwe futhi 'engakwazi ukufakwa' ngokwethulwa kwezinto ukuze iqhubeke. eqhuba kangcono, lapho siphenya khona ngokubambisana ne-Deposited Silicon Devices Group, i-Photovoltaic Solar Energy Unit ye-CIEMAT (Isikhungo Samandla, Ucwaningo Lwezemvelo Nobuchwepheshe)”.
Endabeni kaMarta Cabello, umcwaningi we-postdoctoral eqenjini locwaningo lwe-Cell Prototyping e-CIC energiGUNE, ugqamisa ukuthi, kuze kube manje, imboni isebenzise amanani aphansi kakhulu e-silicon kuma-anode, phakathi kuka-5 no-8%. Futhi igqamisa ukubamba iqhaza kwesikhungo kuphrojekthi yaseYurophu i-3beLiEVe, “inhloso yayo kuwukuqinisa isikhundla semboni yebhethri nezimoto yaseYurophu emakethe yesikhathi esizayo yezimoto zikagesi ngokusebenzisa nokuhlinzekwa kwesizukulwane sokuqala samabhethri. Kule phrojekthi ukwethulwa kwe-silica ku-anode material kuyaphenywa.
Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwesikhungo, esise-Álava Technology Park, kwandulelwa ukubamba iqhaza kwenye iphrojekthi evelele yaseYurophu i-Graphene Flagship Core 2, “lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo nge-silicon anode ehlanganiswe ne-graphene, ekwazi ukukala le nhlanganisela yezinto zokwakha zayo. ukukhiqizwa kwesisindo".
Izikhathi Ezintsha
Njengomphumela wokusimama, uCabello uveza ukuthi ukwanda komthamo wamandla ebhethri kuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba nezimoto zikagesi ezinamabhethri ezikwazi ukunikeza amakhilomitha amaningi ukonga ngeshaji eyodwa: amabhethri e-lithium-ion asezimbonini ku-silicon anode. zincishiswa zibe ncane, ukuthi ukwenziwa kanye nenqubo yalawa ma-anode kwenziwa endaweni enamanzi, kude nezincibilikisi eziphilayo ezivame ukusetshenziswa, ezinobuthi futhi zinciphisa ukuphepha kwamabhethri”.
Okunye okugqamile okukaFerroglobe, inkampani yaseSpain, kanye ne-Little Electric Cars, ekhethwe kuphrojekthi yesibili ye-pan-European research and innovation (IPCEI) ehlanganisa lonke uchungechunge lwenani lebhethri.
Umkhiqizi ohamba phambili emhlabeni we-silicon metal kanye ne-silicon-manganese ferroalloys, unesizinda samakhasimende emhlabeni wonke ezimakethe ezikhula ngokushesha nezishintshashintshayo ezifana nelanga, izimoto, imikhiqizo yabathengi, umkhakha wezokwakha kanye nomkhakha wamandla, enezitshalo zokukhiqiza eSpain, eFrance, eNorway. , iNingizimu Afrika, i-United States, iCanada, i-Argentina neChina (izikhungo zokukhiqiza ezingu-26, ezineziko ezingu-69 emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezisebenzi ezingaba ngu-3400 XNUMX emhlabeni wonke) .
Esikhungweni sayo se-Innovation kanye ne-R&D Centre (eSabón, eLa Coruña), kanye nefekthri ye-silica metallurgical, okuwukuphela kwayo eSpain, iFerroglobe yethule isu lokuqamba kabusha isu lokuthuthukiswa kwe-silicon powder (micrometric kanye ne-nanometric) ye-anode ye-lithium. -amabhethri e-ion. “Inkampani (baveze ukuthi) ifuna ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo enseleleni ekhona njengamanje ebhekene nemboni yezimoto nokuhamba, njengokugqugquzela inguquko ebheke ezobuchwepheshe obuzinzile nobungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu. Kulo mongo, amabhethri awubuchwepheshe obubalulekile balolu shintsho, kodwa kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezidingekayo ukuze wenziwe”. Isimo samazwe ngamazwe lapho i-silicon isungulwa njengenye yezinto ezibalulekile zeminyaka eyishumi yokuqala ukucacisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwenzuzo nokusimama.
