Ubhasikidi wokuthenga wabaseSpain ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula unciphile ngenkathi isamba semali sikhuphuka. Ukwehla kwamandla emali akuwona umqondo ophikiswana ngawo ezingeni le-macroeconomic noma ezindaweni eziningi zomnotho, kunegama eliphindaphindwa njalo ezingxoxweni zansuku zonke. Ukugcwalisa inqola yakho ngemikhiqizo eyisisekelo kubiza kakhulu kunonyaka odlule futhi ukwenza kanjalo ngemikhiqizo ye-'eco'. “Njengeminye imikhakha, ukwehla kwamandla emali nakho kuyasithonya,” kusho u-Diego Granado, unobhala-jikelele we-Ecovalia.
Ngonyaka odlule, inkomba yentengo yomthengi emaphakathi (CPI) ibiphakeme ngo-8,4% kunonyaka odlule futhi eminye imikhiqizo ibone inani layo linyamalala emashalofini ezitolo ezinkulu. Isibonelo, ubisi lukhuphuke ngo-37%, amaqanda ngo-31% namajusi ngo-18%. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwentengo yokuthenga kuyabonakala nasezindleleni lapho imikhiqizo ye-'eco' iboniswa khona. "Ngokusobala, siphinde sibone ukuthi ukwanda kubonakala," kuchaza uGranado. “Kodwa siwumkhakha okwazi ukumelana nezimo uma sisebenzisa umnotho oyindilinga,” uyengeza.
Naphezu kwalokhu, umehluko wezindleko ngokuthenga okuvamile awuzange wehle, kodwa ukhulile. "Imikhiqizo ye-'Eco' ibiza ngokuphindwe kathathu kuneyelebula elimhlophe," kusho umbiko wakamuva we-Organisation of Consumers and Users (OCU). Ukukhubazeka “okubangela abathengi abaningi ukuba bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa ingaphakathi labo lemvelo,” kuchaza uJuan Carlos Gázquez-Abad, uprofesa obambisene we-UOC's Economics and Business Studies.
Ngokocwaningo lwakamuva 'lwe-'Connecting with eco-conscious consumers', cishe abantu baseSpain abayisikhombisa kwabayishumi ababuzwa bangathanda ukwenza okwengeziwe emvelweni kanye neplanethi futhi lokho kubandakanya ukuthengwa kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, "Umthengi osebenza nge-eco-active ungumkhiqizo wamanani anawo, kodwa ngisho noma enawo, isimo somnotho sizonquma ukuthi uthola ukuziphatha okusebenzayo noma okuncane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izindinganiso zakhe," kusho uNeus Soler, uprofesa we-Economics Studies. Inkampani ye-UOC. “Isithakazelo kule mikhiqizo sikhula kancane kancane futhi sibonakala ekusebenziseni umuntu ngamunye,” kuphendula unobhala-jikelele we-Ecovalia.
Umbiko wakamuva waminyaka yonke wenhlangano yochwepheshe baseSpain yokukhiqiza okuphilayo uveze ukuthi abathengi baseSpain babiza ama-euro angama-60 wemidiya ngaphezu kokuthengwa kwezinto eziphilayo. "Eminyakeni yamuva nje sisuke kuma-euro 'angaphambi kwamashumi amabili' saya kumashumi ayisithupha amanje," kwembula uGranado.
Nokho, ukubuyiselwa kwemali kwabaseSpain kukude kakhulu nalokho okwenziwa amazwe azungezile. "Kuyimali edonswayo esitatimendeni semali engenayo futhi kufanele sisebenzele ukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa ezweni lethu," kuphendula umkhulumeli wenhlangano ekhiqiza izinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Spanish kukude kakhulu nama-Swiss asebenzisa ama-euro angu-425 umuntu ngamunye ekuthengeni kwemvelo noma ngaphansi ngokuphindwe kathathu kunama-French anikezela ama-euro angu-187 kulokhu kuthenga. “Kuwukuqwashisa okuvamile,” kuthethelela u-Granado. “Sizibheka kakhulu thina kuneqembu,” uyanezela.
Nokho, ukwenyuka kwemali esetshenziswa abantu baseSpain ngomuntu ngamunye eminyakeni emine edlule kukhule ngo-22% ukuze kufinyelelwe esibalweni samanje. Ukwenyuka okuphinde kube nencazelo yakho ngokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo umkhakha ohlangabezane nakho. “Nakuba bekwenze cishe ngephuzu elilodwa ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esiphelele,” kusho uGranado.
Naphezu kwalokhu, umehluko kwezinye izimo uphindwe kabili. Amaqanda aphilayo ayishumi nambili abiza ama-euro angu-5,5 emashalofini ezitolo ezinkulu. “Ungomunye wemikhiqizo edingeka kakhulu futhi awuhlangabezani nesidingo esikhona,” kugqamisa uGranado.
Umehluko wezintengo zemikhiqizo yohlobo olufanayo ezinguqulweni ezivamile neze-eco umele ukunyuka okungama-60% ekuthengeni kwezinto eziphilayo, ngokusho kwe-OCU. Umehluko ochazwa ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza lokhu kudla. Ukungabi bikho komanyolo okungewona awe-organic kanye namanye amakhemikhali kunyusa intengo.
Imikhiqizo yemifino iyabusa
Ubhasikidi ojwayelekile wokuthenga wabaseSpain wakhiwe imikhiqizo yenhlanzeko yasendlini (75,8%), imikhiqizo yobisi, iyogathi nama-dessert (74,5%), ukudla okupakishiwe (61,9%) kanye nenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu (60,7%) . Endabeni ye-'eco', "okudingeka kakhulu imikhiqizo yemifino," kuchaza uGranado.
Ubhasikidi wezinto eziphilayo eSpain ngo-2022 wawenziwe ngemikhiqizo engama-64% yemvelaphi yezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izithelo (14%) nemifino (10%), kanye nama-36% wemikhiqizo yemvelaphi yezilwane, ikakhulukazi inyama (27%). Kodwa-ke, abathembeke kakhulu abathengi bemikhiqizo yokuhlanza eco-friendly. U-20% walabo abathenga imikhiqizo yokuhlanza ezinkampanini ezisimeme abananhloso yokushintshela emikhiqizweni engeyona eyemvelo naphezu kokwenyuka okujwayelekile kwamanani. Kuzo zonke izigaba ezihlaziywe embikweni 'Wokuxhumanisa ne-eco-conscious consumer', lesi yisona esinezinga eliphansi lokulahlwa.
Dala indawo yemvelo.
Umkhuhlane wokwehla kwamandla emali wenze amanani emvelo anyamalala, wehlise ukusetshenziswa kule ngxenye yezomnotho, kodwa awuzange wehlise ukukhiqizwa. Imakethe ephelele yemikhiqizo ye-organic eSpain ngo-2022 yafinyelela kuma-euro ayizigidi ezingu-2.856, okuyi-2.532 yayo ehambisana nokulinganiswa kwemakethe emakhaya, njengoba kuvezwe umbiko wonyaka we-Ecovalia mayelana nokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo eSpain.
Ngokwezwe, i-Australia iyipharadesi lokukhiqizwa kwemvelo elinenani elikhulu lamahektha anikezelwe ukutshala nokukhula kwale mikhiqizo. ISpain iyizwe lesibili laseYurophu eFrance ngamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-2,64. “Ikhule ngo-26,6% eminyakeni engu-5 edlule futhi ngaphandle kosizo lomphakathi,” kuchaza uGranado.
Ngokwezindawo, i-Andalusia imele cishe yonke ingqikithi ngokunqwabelana kwamahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1,4 anikezelwe ekukhiqizeni okuphilayo. ICastilla La-Mancha neCatalonia ezinye izigxobo ezimbili ezinkulu ezino-15% no-10% wengqikithi.
Mayelana nezindawo zokutshala, eziyinhloko ngamantongomane, anamahektha ayi-262.280; indawo yomnqumo, engamahektha ayizi-256.507 241.913; okusanhlamvu, namahektha ayi-142.176; nezivini, amahektha ayi-33. Kodwa-ke, ngokwesilinganiso, izitshalo ezine ezikhule kakhulu yilezi: amantongomane (23%); ubhanana nama-subtropics (21%); izithelo ezisawolintshi (15%) kanye nezihlahla zeminqumo (XNUMX%).
E-Spain kunesamba semisebenzi yemvelo engu-62.320, isigaba esibhalise ukukhula ngama-41,7% kule minyaka emihlanu edlule. “Kufanele siqhubeke nokusebenza ekuqwashiseni abalimi, abalimi kanye nabathengi,” kusho uGranado. “Kumele sisebenzele ukulebula, ngoba kuningi ukudideka. Abantu bafuna ukwazi ukuthi uma kukhona iqabunga eliluhlaza kuwumkhiqizo wemvelo.
