I-hypothetical surrogacy
ICANDELO 1. Ukukhutshwa kunye nokuthotywa. Ukongeza kuwo onke amalungelo okubuyisela kunye nokuthotyelwa anokuthi abaQinisekisi babe nawo phantsi komthetho osebenzayo (kodwa ngokuxhomekeke kumalungiselelo eCandelo le-3), uMboleki uyavuma ukuba, kwimeko apho nawuphi na uMqinisekisi enze intlawulo phantsi kweSivumelwano seSiqinisekiso sase-United States, uMboleki. iyakumkhusela lowo uMqinisekisi ngesixa esipheleleyo saloo ntlawulo kwaye lowo uMqinisekisi uya kuthotyelwa kumalungelo oMntu ekwenziwe kuye loo ntlawulo ukuya kubungakanani bentlawulo enjalo.
ICANDELO 2.05. Isivumelwano sentlawulo; Umfazi omnye. Ukuqhubela phambili ngoku kungasentla kwaye ngaphandle kokuthintelwa kwawo nawaphi na amanye amalungelo apho uMmeli woKhuseleko wokuQala okanye naliphi na elinye iqela eliKhuselekileyo linokuba nalo phantsi komthetho osebenzayo okanye ngokulinganayo ngokuchasene naye nawuphi na uMqinisekisi olapha ngezantsi, kwimeko apho uMboleki okanye naliphi na elinye iqela leMali-mboleko lingaphumeleli ukuhlawula. naziphi na iziBonelelo eziKhuselekileyo xa kwaye kufanelekile, nokuba kufanelekile, isantya, emva kwesaziso sentlawulo yangaphambili okanye ngenye indlela, uMqinisekisi ngamnye uyavuma ukuhlawula, okanye abangele ukuba kuhlawulwe, ngoko nangoko kuMmeli wokuQala weSiqinisekiso ukuze isasaze kumaQela aQinisekisiweyo ahambelanayo. ngekheshi isixa seSinyanzeliso esiQinisekisiweyo esingahlawulwanga. Emva kwentlawulo nasiphi na isiQinisekiso saso nasiphi na isixa kwi-Arhente yoKhuseleko yokuQala njengoko kubonelelwe ngasentla, onke amalungelo alo Mqinisekisi ngokuchasene noMboleki okanye naliphi na elinye iqela leMali-mboleko elivela ngenxa yoko ngendlela yelungelo lokuthotyelwa, igalelo, imbuyekezo, imbuyekezo okanye ngenye indlela iya kuba phantsi kolawulo. kuzo zonke iinkalo kwiSiqendu III.
Umzekelo wokuzithoba
Ukukhutshwa kwe-subrogation ligatya lekhontrakthi apho umntu okhuselwe nge-inshorensi eyeka ilungelo le-inshurensi yakhe yokubanga ulungiso okanye imbuyekezo yelahleko yomntu wesithathu ongakhathaliyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-inshurensi ihlawulisa imali eyongezelelweyo kwi-subrogation waiver endorsement. Iikhontrakthi ezininzi zokwakha kunye neengqeshiso ziquka ukurhoxiswa kwegatya lokuthotyelwa.
La masolotya athintela elinye iqela le-inshurensi ekubeni lifake ibango kwelinye icala kwikhontrakthi ukuze lizame ukubuyisela imali ehlawulwe yi-inshurensi kumntu ofakwe kwi-inshurensi okanye umntu wesithathu ukuhlawula ibango eli-inshurensi.
Ilungelo le-subrogation livumela i-inshurensi ukuba ithathe indawo yayo ye-inshurensi emva kokwanelisa ibango elihlawulwe kwi-inshurensi ngokwezibophelelo zenkampani phantsi kwepolisi ye-inshurensi. Inkampani ye-inshorensi isenokwenza ibango kwamanye amaqela ukuze ihlawule iindleko zayo kwaloo lahleko inye, nokuba ilahleko ibandakanya ukuhlawulwa kwamabango aziswa kulowo ufakwe kwi-inshorensi.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba i-subrogation iye yarhoxiswa, inkampani ye-inshurensi ayikwazi "ukungena kwizihlangu zomthengi" emva kokuba ibango ligqityiwe kwaye limangalele elinye iqela ukuba libuyise ilahleko yalo. Ngoko ke, ukuba i-subrogation ihoxisiwe, i-inshurensi ibonakaliswe kumngcipheko omkhulu.
I-Common Law Surrogacy
I-Surrogacy ngokoqobo ibhekisa kumntu okanye iqela elizibeka endaweni yomnye umntu okanye iqela. Ichaza ngokufanelekileyo amalungelo enkampani ye-inshurensi phambi nasemva kokuba amabango enziwe ngokuchasene nepolisi ehlawulwe. Ukongeza, iququzelela inkqubo yokufumana intlawulo phantsi kwepolisi ye-inshurensi.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkampani yeinshorensi yomntu ihlawula ibango lomthengi wayo ngelahleko ngokuthe ngqo, ize ke ifune imbuyekezo kwelinye iqela, okanye inkampani yabo yeinshorensi. Umxhasi ofakwe kwi-inshorensi ufumana intlawulo ngokukhawuleza kwaye ke inkampani ye-inshurensi inokufaka ibango le-subrogation ngokuchasene neqela elijongene nelahleko.
Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-inshorensi inokuqulatha ulwimi oluvumela umrhwebi ukuba, xa amabango ehlawulwe, afune ukubuyiswa kweemali kumntu wesithathu ukuba ilahleko ibangwe ngumntu wesithathu. Umntu ofakwe kwi-inshorensi akanalo ilungelo lokufaka ibango kunye ne-inshurensi ukufumana i-inshorensi ebonelelwe kwipolisi ye-inshurensi okanye ukucela umonakalo kumntu wesithathu obangele ilahleko.
Ukurhoxiswa kwi-surrogacy
I-subrogation isoloko isetyenziswa kwi-inshurensi. Inkampani yeinshorensi ihlawula i-inshurensi yayo ngelahleko equkwa yipolisi. I-inshurensi ke iqalise inyathelo lokubuyisela intlawulo yayo kumntu ozenzo zakhe okanye ukungenziwa kwakhe kubangele ilahleko ye-inshurensi. I-inshurensi iqalisa isenzo egameni lomntu ofakwe kwi-inshorensi, kodwa umngcipheko kunye nemivuzo yesenzo kunye ne-inshurensi. Kuthiwa i-inshurensi ifakwe phantsi kwamalungelo abantu abafakwe kwi-inshurensi.
I-subrogation inokusebenza kwimeko ye-mortgage. Le mfundiso yashwankathelwa kwimeko yesiNgesi ngo-1908 ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: “Xa umntu wesithathu, ngokucelwa ngumthengisi-mboleko, ehlawula i-mortgagor yokuqala ngenjongo yokuba abe ngowokuqala ukubambisa ipropati, uba, ngokungabikho kobungqina be-mortgagor. injongo echaseneyo, kwilungelo lolingano eliza kubekwa, ngokubhekiselele kwipropati, kwindawo yomboleki wokuqala”.
Esi siphakamiso siye saphuculwa kule minyaka idlulileyo, kodwa isiphakamiso esisisiseko sihlala sisebenza. Ngaba abafaki zicelo zemboleko-mali abaphoxekileyo basamthemba? Kunjalo. Imali ebolekwayo idla ngokulahleka, imali yokubambisa yangaphambili ibuyiswa, kwaye ngandlel’ ithile imali-mboleko efanelekileyo ayibhalwa. I-Toronto-Dominion Bank v. INedem sisigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Ontario ka-2012 esijongana nesi sindululo.
