Iqale nini imali yokubambisa?
Ingxaki ye-subprime ka-2007 ukuya ku-2010 yasuka ekwandisweni kwangaphambili kwemboleko-mali yokubambisa, kubandakanywa nababoleki ababeza kuba nzima ukufumana imali mboleko, nto leyo enegalelo ekunyukeni ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso ezindlu kwaye yabonwa nguye. Ngokwembali, abantu abanokuba ngabathengi bezindlu babenobunzima ekufumaneni imali yokubambisa ukuba banembali yetyala elingaphantsi komndilili, benze iintlawulo ezincinci, okanye bebekhangela imali-mboleko enkulu. Ngaphandle kokuba bahlawulwa yiinshorensi karhulumente, ababolekisi ngokufuthi bazikhaba ngezo zicelo zokubambisa. Ngelixa ezinye iintsapho ezisemngciphekweni omkhulu zikwazile ukufumana iimali-mboleko zexabiso ezincinci ezixhaswa yiFederal Housing Administration (FHA), abanye, bejongene nokukhetha kwetyala elincinci, baqeshisa. Ngelo xesha, ubunini bezindlu babujikeleze i-65%, amazinga okuvalwa ayephantsi, kwaye ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kunye namaxabiso abonisa ukuguquguquka kwinzala yemali-mboleko kunye nengeniso.
Ekuqaleni kunye naphakathi kwe-2000s, i-subprime mortgages yanikezelwa ngababolekisi abaxhasa ngemali mboleko ngokudibanisa kwakhona kumachibi athengiswa kubatyalo-mali. Iimveliso zezemali ezintsha zisetyenziselwa ukusasaza le mingcipheko, kunye ne-private-label mortgage-backed securities (PMBS) enikezela uninzi lwenkxaso-mali ye-subprime mortgages. Izibambiso ezingaphantsi komngcipheko zazibhekwa njengengozi ephantsi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba zikhuselwe ngezixhobo ezitsha zemali okanye ngenxa yokuba ezinye izibambiso ziza kuqala zithathe nayiphi na ilahleko kwi-mortgages ephantsi (DiMartino kunye neDuca 2007). Oku kwavumela abathengi abaninzi bokuqala ukuba bafumane iimali mboleko (Duca, Muellbauer, and Murphy 2011), kwaye inani labaninimzi landa.
Imbali yemithetho ye-mortgage
Enye yezinto ezixhasa iPhupha laseMelika kukufumana nokuba nekhaya ngokusemthethweni. Inxalenye encinci kuphela yomgangatho ophakathi inokukwazi ukuthenga indlu ngaphandle kokufaka isicelo semali-mboleko ukuze bafezekise oko abaninzi bafuna ukufezekisa. Imarike yemali-mboleko iye yavela ngokutshintsha kobuso boshishino lwezindlu nezindlu. Imbali yemali mboleko e-United States izaliswe zii-booms kunye neebhasi eziye zatyebisa zaza zatshabalalisa iintsapho ezichatshazelwe kukudodobala koqoqosho kunye noxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, i-mortgages iseyeyona ndlela iphambili yemboleko xa kuziwa kwintengiselwano ye-real estate. Inkqubo yokubambisa ibandakanya ukunikezelwa kwemali ukuze ufumane ikhaya ngentembeko entle yokuba lowo unetyala uya kuyibuyisela imali-mboleko kunye nenzala ehambelana nobomi bemboleko. Bobabini umboleki kunye nombolekisi bayazuza ukuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo.
Imbali yemali-mboleko ineengcambu zayo kwimpucuko yamandulo. Abaphengululi abaninzi bacinga ukuba abatyalwayo bafunga isibambiso sokufumana indawo ngaphambi kokufika kwetyala. Ngeli xesha, "umbolekisi we-mortgage" ufikelele kwisivumelwano kunye "nomboleki we-mortgage" ukutshintshisa iimpahla ngokutshintshiselana nokubuyisela kwabo ngexesha elithile. Isibhambathiso “sasifile” xa lowo ubolekayo ekwazi okanye engakwazi ukusizalisekisa isivumelwano. Enye yeengxelo zokuqala zomthetho we-mortgage uvela kwi-Indiya yamandulo ngendlela ye-Manu Code, isibhalo sakudala samaHindu esigatya izenzo zokubolekwa kwezindlu ezikhohlisayo kunye nobuqhetseba. Abagxeki bemali-mboleko baye bagxeka imikroba yabo bathatha ithuba lenkqubo yokuboleka imali ngokubiza inzala egqithisileyo. Ookrebe bemboleko babenendawo ekhethekileyo kwisangqa sesixhenxe sesihogo, ngokutsho kweDante's Inferno. Enyanisweni, uThixo uyakugweba ukubolekisa ngemali kumthetho wamaYuda. NgokweRejista yoMthetho waseMelika, imvelaphi yembali yemali mboleko ifumaneka kwimibhalo engcwele yeTalmudic. Impucuko yamandulo yamaGrike neyamaRoma yasuka nje yaziboleka ezi ngcamango kwimithombo yamaYuda. AmaRoma amkela ingcamango yesibambiso setyala ngokuthi anike lowo umtyalayo ukuba nempahla yakhe, ngoxa lowo utyalayo eqhubeka elawula loo propati de ityala lihlawulwe. Ezi mpembelelo zembali ziqhubekile nokuba nefuthe kuluntu olwamkela iindlela zokubolekisa ngemali, kubandakanywa nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi owathatha ithuba lazo zonke iindlela zoshishino lokubolekisa ngemali.
Iinkampani ezindala zokubambisa
Enye yezinto ezibangela iPhupha laseMelika kukufumana nokuba nekhaya ngokusemthethweni. Inxalenye encinci kuphela yomgangatho ophakathi inokukwazi ukuthenga indlu ngaphandle kokufaka isicelo semali-mboleko ukuze bafezekise oko abaninzi bafuna ukufezekisa. Imarike yemali-mboleko iye yavela ngokutshintsha kobuso boshishino lwezindlu nezindlu. Imbali yemali mboleko e-United States izaliswe zii-booms kunye neebhasi eziye zatyebisa zaza zatshabalalisa iintsapho ezichatshazelwe kukudodobala koqoqosho kunye noxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, i-mortgages iseyeyona ndlela iphambili yemboleko xa kuziwa kwintengiselwano ye-real estate. Inkqubo yokubambisa ibandakanya ukunikezelwa kwemali ukuze ufumane ikhaya ngentembeko entle yokuba lowo unetyala uya kuyibuyisela imali-mboleko kunye nenzala ehambelana nobomi bemboleko. Bobabini umboleki kunye nombolekisi bayazuza ukuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo.
Imbali yemali-mboleko ineengcambu zayo kwimpucuko yamandulo. Abaphengululi abaninzi bacinga ukuba abatyalwayo bafunga isibambiso sokufumana indawo ngaphambi kokufika kwetyala. Ngeli xesha, "umbolekisi we-mortgage" ufikelele kwisivumelwano kunye "nomboleki we-mortgage" ukutshintshisa iimpahla ngokutshintshiselana nokubuyisela kwabo ngexesha elithile. Isibhambathiso “sasifile” xa lowo ubolekayo ekwazi okanye engakwazi ukusizalisekisa isivumelwano. Enye yeengxelo zokuqala zomthetho we-mortgage uvela kwi-Indiya yamandulo ngendlela ye-Manu Code, isibhalo sakudala samaHindu esigatya izenzo zokubolekwa kwezindlu ezikhohlisayo kunye nobuqhetseba. Abagxeki bemali-mboleko baye bagxeka imikroba yabo bathatha ithuba lenkqubo yokuboleka imali ngokubiza inzala egqithisileyo. Ookrebe bemboleko babenendawo ekhethekileyo kwisangqa sesixhenxe sesihogo, ngokutsho kweDante's Inferno. Enyanisweni, uThixo uyakugweba ukubolekisa ngemali kumthetho wamaYuda. NgokweRejista yoMthetho waseMelika, imvelaphi yembali yemali mboleko ifumaneka kwimibhalo engcwele yeTalmudic. Impucuko yamandulo yamaGrike neyamaRoma yasuka nje yaziboleka ezi ngcamango kwimithombo yamaYuda. AmaRoma amkela ingcamango yesibambiso setyala ngokuthi anike lowo umtyalayo ukuba nempahla yakhe, ngoxa lowo utyalayo eqhubeka elawula loo propati de ityala lihlawulwe. Ezi mpembelelo zembali ziqhubekile nokuba nefuthe kuluntu olwamkela iindlela zokubolekisa ngemali, kubandakanywa nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi owathatha ithuba lazo zonke iindlela zoshishino lokubolekisa ngemali.
Indlela amatyala atshintshe ngayo kwimbali
Siyinkonzo yothelekiso ezimeleyo, exhaswa yintengiso. Injongo yethu kukukunceda wenze izigqibo ezikrelekrele zemali ngokubonelela ngezixhobo ezisebenzisanayo kunye neekhatyhuleyitha zemali, ukupapasha umxholo wokuqala kunye nenjongo, kunye nokukuvumela ukuba uphande kwaye uthelekise ulwazi simahla, ukuze wenze izigqibo zemali ngokuzithemba.
Unikezelo oluvela kule ndawo lusuka kwiinkampani ezisibuyekezayo. Le mbuyekezo inokuphembelela indlela kunye nalapho iimveliso zivela khona kule sayithi, kubandakanywa, umzekelo, indlela ezinokuvela ngayo kwiindidi zodweliso. Kodwa le mbuyekezo ayichaphazeli ulwazi esilupapashayo, okanye nophononongo olubonayo kwesi siza. Asibandakanyi indalo yonke yeenkampani okanye izibonelelo zemali ezinokufumaneka kuwe.
Siyinkonzo yothelekiso ezimeleyo, exhaswa yintengiso. Injongo yethu kukukunceda wenze izigqibo zemali ezikrelekrele ngokubonelela ngezixhobo ezisebenzisanayo kunye nezixhobo zokubala zemali, ukupapasha umxholo wokuqala kunye nenjongo, kwaye ikuvumela ukuba wenze uphando kwaye uthelekise ulwazi simahla, ukuze wenze izigqibo zemali ngokuzithemba.