Ingxaki yezindlu, ngaphandle kweMadrid, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-27 - ABCIsrael Viana@Isra_VianaMadridUpdated: 04/2023/01 32:XNUMXh
“Akazakhi izindlu kwaye akazukuzakha,” uAlberto Núñez Feijoo wathuka uPedro Sánzchez ngexesha leseshoni yolawulo ebibanjwe ngoLwesibini kwiSenethi. Umsindo wanda xa uMongameli kaRhulumente ethembisa, ngeliso kunyulo lwe-28M, ukwakha izindlu zoluntu ezingama-20.000 kumhlaba weSebe lezoKhuselo. "Ngummangaliso weepaneli kunye nemigangatho," yatsho inkokeli ephikisayo, ibhekisa kule ngxaki inzima enokuthi ibonakale yamva nje, kodwa akunjalo.
Ukufikelela kwizindlu kwiiklasi eziphakathi kunye nezisezantsi apho i-Sánchez ngoku inenjongo yokukhankasa kunye nokubeka uRajoy, uZapatero, u-Aznar kunye noongameli bangaphambili engxakini. Kwafuneka ajongane phambi kukaFranco, Azaña, Primo de Rivera kunye neenkokeli ezahlukeneyo zoBuyiselo.
Kwaye nangoku, kunye nerenti eluphahleni kunye nexabiso lokuthenga lixhomile, iyaqhubeka nokunyusa amadyunguza phakathi kwamaSpanish.
KwiNdlu yeeNgwevu, uFeijoo waphawula ukuba, okoko uSánchez efikile eMoncloa, "ukwakhiwa okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhaya angaphezu kwama-420.000" kuye kwabhengezwa, kodwa "akukho namnye owenziweyo okanye okhoyo kwiSpanishi." UMongameli kaRhulumente, ngenxalenye yakhe, akazange anqikaze ukunamathela esifubeni sakhe kwaye aqinisekise ukuba imbumbano yayiza kuqalisa "ukukhuthazwa okukhulu kwezindlu eziqashisayo zoluntu kunye nezifikelelekayo kwimbali yentando yesininzi." Kodwa ukuba sijonga ngasemva, ingxaki isuka kude.
Ngexesha lokubuyiselwa kuka-Elizabeth II, phakathi ko-1833 no-1868, nangona kunjalo, wanikela ingqalelo kuqala. Ngowe-1853, uMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, uPedro de Egaña, wayalela abalawuli basekuhlaleni baseMadrid naseBarcelona ukuba babe “zizindlu zamahlwempu” nokuba akukho kuzinikela kweereales ezingaphezu kwe-120 ngenyanga. Ngo-1881, ngexesha loBuyiselo, kwavunywa umthetho opholileyo 'woKwakha iindawo zokuhlala zabasebenzi', owagunyazisa uRhulumente kunye noomasipala ukuba banikele ngomhlaba okhululekileyo kubakhi ukuze bakhe iindawo zokuhlala ezingekho ngaphezu kwekhulu, okanye ngaphezulu kwesibini. imigangatho, okanye Ukuba ixabiso layo lokuthengisa likhulu kune-100 pesetas okanye i-2.000 yerenti.
+ Ulwazi lwabacimi-mlilo kunye neearhente, ukugxotha indlu kwindawo yase-Injurias, ngo-1906-ABC
“Ingqokelela yezindlu”
Inyaniso ikukuba, ebudeni benkulungwane ye-1885, iindawo ezisemaphandleni ezingaphandle kwezixeko ezikhulu zazingengombandela owawunomdla kuwo amaphephandaba. Kunyaka ophelileyo saxelela i-ABC ukuba, de kwango-XNUMX, akukho ntatheli yabonwa ingena kubo igxeka iimeko eziphantsi kobuntu ababehlala phantsi kwazo abamelwane. Eyokuqala yayinguJulio Vargas, ogama lakhe lephephandaba elithi 'El Liberal' malunga nommandla waseLas Injurias ongasebenziyo eMadrid wawububungqina bokuqala obugxeka ingxaki yezindlu eSpain. Nabani na owayefuna ukufika apho, watyhila, wayefanele "awele phezu kwemibhobho enogonyamelo yomhlaba ukuya kwintlambo ebanzi."
Ngaphambi kweVargas, kwafuneka uye kwiingxelo zonyango-zococeko ukuze ufumanise ukuba kwenzekani kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba "yimbi kakhulu" okanye "emnyama" ebumelwaneni, apho intatheli yachaza ngokuthi "i-jumble yezindlu, intlupheko kunye nezinto ezoyikisayo ezingenakubalwa." Ngaloo minyaka, iMadrid yayisaxinene kwiindonga zayo, nto leyo eyathi iminyaka ejingayo yathintela ukwanda kwayo nangona abantu babesanda. Ukukhankanya umhla, iLondon phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-200.000 yayinabemi abazizigidi ezibini, xa kuthelekiswa nama-XNUMX kwikomkhulu laseSpeyin. Ngaphandle koku, ikomkhulu laseSpain lalinamanani aphezulu kakhulu abemi.
Akumele ilityalwe ukuba, kumashumi eminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kwakukho intshukumo ebaluleke kakhulu yokufuduka ephuma kwinkampu, eyabangela ukulahleka kwezindlu kwizixeko ezikhulu, kangangokuba abona bahlali bangamahlwempu baphela besasazeka kwiindawo ezimdaka. . , ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zogutyulo okanye ukhathalelo lwasekuhlaleni. Imeko eyaye yagxekwa ngamanye amanani afana noBenito Pérez Galdós noPío Baroja, eyabangela inkxalabo eyongeziweyo kwicala labasemagunyeni.
“Amatyala amahlwempu”
Umthetho oxeliweyo we-1881 wakhokelela, kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ekudalweni kweKhomishini yoHlaziyo lwezeNtlalo kwaye, kwi-1903, kwiZiko loHlaziyo loLuntu. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nalinye kula maziko oluntu akwaziyo ukucombulula le ngxaki, njengoko i-ABC yagxekayo kwinqaku elihlekisayo elapapashwa nguPablo J. Solas ngowe-1904: “Thenga isiqwenga somhlaba, uphathise umzobi wokwakha indlu, akhe ikheji nge. amagumbi amaninzi amancinci, amancinci kakhulu kwaye angabikho phezulu kakhulu; sebenzisa kwipropathi njengezinto ezininzi ezingabizi, ezivela ekudilizeni, njengoko unako, kwaye uyihlobise ngendlela yanamhlanje. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba nabaqeshi abangamashumi amathandathu kwiimitha ezilikhulu zesikwere, basasazwe phakathi komgangatho ophantsi kunye nemigangatho emihlanu ngaphezu kwayo, ingxaki ixazululwe. Ukuba amagumbi mancinci kakhulu? Ayinamsebenzi lonto! Ngaba akukho moya uphefumlayo? Ayinamsebenzi! […] Ityala kukufumana inzala elungileyo kwinkunzi etyalwe kwisakhiwo, ukuba yonke enye into ibali”.
Kwiminyaka emibini emva kweli nqaku, kwakukho isiphakamiso sokunika inkxaso-mali kunye nokukhululwa kwirhafu kuzo zonke iinkampani zokwakha ezinikezelwe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezidolophini ezidumileyo. Yalandelwa ngamaphulo ahlukeneyo akhuselwe ngabezopolitiko abanjengomqambi we-autogyro, uJuan de la Cierva, de kube nguJuni 12, 1911 xa kusenzeka 'uMthetho wezindlu ezitshiphukileyo'. Oku kwaphuhliswa ngexesha lohlaziyo lweminyaka emithathu yeNkulumbuso uJosé Canalejas, owayexakekile esakha izindlu ezitsha kwakunye nokulungisa nokucoca ezindala, ukuba nje behlangabezana nothotho lweemfuneko.
Abaxhamli, umzekelo, abakwazanga ukufumana ngaphezu kwe-3.000 pesetas ngo-1912. Esi sixa-mali senyuka saya kwi-4.000 ngo-1919, kunye ne-5.000 ngo-1921. Lo mthetho ukwaseka uthotho lwemilinganiselo yococeko, efana nokuba kungabikho ngaphezulu kweentsapho ezingama-40 ezinokuhlala kwindawo nganye kwaye izindlu kufuneka zibe nobude obundilisekileyo kwaye zibe nezitiya kunye neendawo ezingaphuhliswanga.
+ UlwaziAbahlali bokugqibela bengingqi yase-Injurias, beshiya izindlu zabo ngo-1906 – ABC
Abaxhamli
Njengoko uLuis Arias González ecacisa kwinqaku lakhe elithi ‘Las Casas Baratas (1911-1937), uvavanyo lokuqala olukhulu lwezindlu zasekuhlaleni eSpeyin’: “Phezu kwawo nje amabhongo amahle eyazalwa nawo, inyaniso ikukuba yasilela ngokupheleleyo. Iimpumelelo ezenziweyo bezincinci ngenxa yemiqobo egqithisileyo yolawulo, ukunqongophala kokuthatha inxaxheba koomasipala abasweleyo nabasematyaleni kunye nokubandakanyeka okungephi kwamaziko emali athe, ngokufanelekileyo, ayibonayo nayiphi na inzuzo yezoqoqosho kwiprojekthi. Ukugxekwa kwemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nemibutho yalatha ukuba lo mthetho uxhasa kuphela abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi kunye nomgangatho wabasebenzi”.
"Nangona kunjalo, umgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni oye wavelisa kuwo uya kuba yinto ehlala isalathisa kuyo yonke imithetho elandelayo kunye nezenzo ezilandelelanayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku", umbhali wongezelela malunga nalo 'mthetho wezindlu ezingabizi kakhulu' owawusebenza kude kube yi-1922. xa yathatyathelwa indawo yesibini apho ukuthengwa kwaqhubeka ukongamela irenti. Kwaqaliswa ukuhluka okuncinci kuphela, kodwa kwakunemiqobo efanayo, eyenza umphumo wayo udimazeke.
Ngayo, siya kwakha izindlu ezingaphezu kwe-1.290 kwiidolophu ezinkulu ezifana neMadrid, iBarcelona, iValencia kunye neSeville ukususela ngo-1924, kodwa uPrimo de Rivera wagqiba ekubeni asebenzise umthetho wesithathu owawucinga ezininzi zeengcinga zangaphambili. Uzwilakhe waseka uncedo olusisigxina olugubungela phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-20% yeendleko zizonke zezindlu kwaye oomasipala banyanzelwa ukuba bakhethe umhlaba ukuze bakwazi ukwakha ezi zindlu zingabizi, ukukhankanya ezinye zeendlela ezintsha.
La República
Umdla wokuqala, nangona kunjalo, ngokuthe ngcembe waphela xa lo mthetho wesithathu nawo waphela ubonisa ubuthathaka bawo ngo-1930, ngexesha lentlekele enkulu yezoqoqosho eyachaphazela unyaka wokugqibela wolawulo lwakhe, ngakumbi icandelo lokwakha. Oku kukhokelele ekunqunyanyisweni kwemisebenzi kunye nokwanda okumangalisayo kwentswela-ngqesho, ekugqibeleni kwafumaniseka ukusetyenziswa kakubi koncedo lwesisa lukarhulumente, phakathi kobunye ubuqhophololo obunxulumene nokukhuthazwa kookopolotyeni.
Ngokubhengezwa kweSecond Republic ngo-1931, kwenziwa iinzame zokwandisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwala mafelandawonye ukusombulula iingxaki zezindlu zabasebenzi, kodwa into eyenziwa nguRhulumente kukwandisa umthetho wangaphambili. Batshintshe kuphela iinkcukacha ezincinci ezibhekiselele kuhlaziyo lwamaxabiso ezindlu okanye kwingeniso yabaxhamli abacingelwayo. Ngokomzekelo, wakhulelwa ukudalwa kweNkonzo yeTyala yeNtlalo eya kunika uncedo kwezi nkampani.
Ekuphela komlinganiselo owavunywa ngamaRiphabhlikhi, ngo-1935, yayinguMthetho weSalmon, owawunenjongo yokukhuthaza ukuhlawulelwa kwezindlu ezirentwayo ngokukhululelwa kwirhafu. Kwamiselwa ngexesha le-biennium elondolozayo kwaye iqondiswe ngakumbi kwiiklasi eziphakathi kunye noosomashishini abazakhele ukurenta kunezona klasi zidinga kakhulu. Kule nto yongezwa ukuba ukuqhutyelwa kweefayile zoncedo kwiZindlu eziCheap zimisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Emva kwe-coup d'état kunye nangexesha leMfazwe yombango, amanye amanyathelo angxamisekileyo ayesadalwa, njengokuncitshiswa kwerenti, ukuhlaliswa kwezindlu ezingenanto kunye nokubanjwa kwezindlu ezilahlekileyo kwicala elichasayo, kodwa eli yayingeloxesha lokucinga. ngayo.
+ Ulwazi lweChronicle yokunyamalala kwendawo yase-Injurias-ABC
ubuzwilakhe
Yakuba iphelile imfazwe, ebudeni bexesha lekhamera nekhadi lokurhweba elaliyinkqubo yokudubula, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi babushiya ubomi babo basemaphandleni baza bafudukela kwisixeko esikhulu. Ekuqaleni, ingxaki ngenxa yobuzwilakhe yayilawuleka, kodwa phakathi ko-1951 no-1960 abanye abantu baseSpeyin abazizigidi ezisisi-2,3 bongeza. Oko kubangele ukukhula okukhulu kwezixeko ezinjengeMadrid, iBarcelona neBilbao. Ejongene nokungenakwenzeka koKubanika indlela yokuphuma kulawulo, amatyotyombe abonakala ngaphandle kwezi zixeko, njenge-Orcasitas kunye nePozo del Tío Raimundo kwikomkhulu kunye neLa Mina okanye iVerdún e-Barcelona.
UFranco wakhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo wezindlu zokuhlala, apho wathatha isicwangciso esidala sokuBuyiselwa. Iinzame zakhe zaqala ngoAprili 19, 1939, xa wayedala iNational Housing Institute waza waqalisa izicwangciso ezintathu: izindlu ezixhaswa ngemali, izindlu ezixhaswa ngemali, kunye nezindlu ezinengeniso encinci. Ngomnyaka we-1950, xa iinzame zolawulo lukaFranco zaqala ukwamkelwa ngabantu bamazwe ngamazwe, uRhulumente wabala ukuba eSpeyin kukho ukusilela kwesigidi sezindlu ukuze kuqhutywe iprojekthi "yentsapho enye, ikhaya elinye". Ukujongana nale ngxaki kanaphakade, phakathi kwiminyaka yama-50s, uzwilakhe wasungula uMphathiswa wezeZindlu.
Kwinqaku lakhe elithi 'Kwezo daka, olu daka', uRamón Beltrán Abadía unike uluvo lwakhe: kodwa ngubani, enkosi kubo, onokuwathenga, kwaye, ke ngoko, atshayele ulondolozo lwabo lomntu ngokubhekiselele kutyalo-mali lwezindlu. Ngamafutshane, uncedo lwezindlu aluzange lwabelwe, ngaphandle kweenxalenye ezisezantsi, kwabo bangenako ukufikelela kulo ngaphandle kwalo, kodwa, ngokungathanga ngqo, kwishishini lokwakha, iqela lemigewu kunye nabanini-mhlaba".
Ingxaki yaqhubeka, ngamaxesha angcono nabi kakhulu, idemokhrasi ejingayo. Akukho mongameli, de imeko apho kunzima ukuba abantu abatsha bafikelele kwizindlu-ingakumbi kumakomkhulu amakhulu-, ukwazile ukusombulula ingxaki ngokupheleleyo. USanchéz ngoku ujonge "ummangaliso wezonka kunye nemigangatho" kwaye uFeijoó unyanzelisa ukuba "akazakhi zindlu kwaye akazukuyakha."
