Kuye kwabhalwa malunga neminyaka emasikizi yeHolodomor apho uStalin wabulala malunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe zaseUkraine phakathi kowe-1932 nowe-1933. Oko kwabangela uHitler ngexesha lembubhiso yamaNazi, kodwa kwixeshana elincinane, ngenjongo yokuqokelela imihlaba yabemi baseUkraine. , esele iqwalaselwe ngoko, njenganamhlanje, "i-granary yaseYurophu".
Kwakweli phephandaba siye sabalisa amabali amaninzi ngeso senzo sikhohlakeleyo, njengaleyo yombhali we ‘The New York Times’ owayifihlayo imbubhiso waza, phezu kwako nje oko, wafumana iPullitzer. Imephu eyathunyelwa yintombi kaTolstoy kwa-ABC, ngo-1933, ukugxeka le meko. "Amawakawaka abantu kuMntla weCaucasus adutyulwe okanye agxothwa kwaye ndiziva ndinesidingo esingxamisekileyo sokuphakamisa ilizwi lam elibuthathaka ngokuchasene noburhalarhume baseBolshevik," wabhala. Okanye, kwakhona, oko kugxeka umongameli wangaphambili we-USSR, u-Nikita Kruschez, ngo-1970, ngokuchasene nowandulelayo: "Ukuba uStalin wayephila, ndiya kuvotela ukuba agwetywe kwaye ajeziswe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe."
ULenin wayeyazi kakuhle imeko ebuthathaka urhulumente waseSoviet awayehamba kuyo ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala.
Noko ke, kuncinane okuye kwathethwa ngendlala emanyumnyezi eyathwaxwa yiSoviet Union phakathi kowe-1919 nowe-1922, kwiminyaka eyayisenziwa ngayo utywala, neyathi ngenxa yayo kwanyanzeleka ukuba icele uncedo eUnited States. Ubizo olungaqhelekanga loncedo olwaqhutywa sisigebenga samakomanisi esasiza kuba, kulindelwe kumashumi asibhozo eminyaka alandelayo, utshaba lwaso olukhulu longxowankulu kumzabalazo wobunkokeli behlabathi. Kwaye oko, ngokungaqhelekanga, kwasebenza, kuba amaMerika aphuma kwindlela yawo yokuthintela iiSoviet ukuba zingalambi.
Umongameli wokuqala we-USSR, uVladimir Lenin, wayesazi kakuhle imeko ebuthathaka urhulumente wakhe. Kwiminyaka engaphambili, iRashiya yayingene enzonzobileni yenkxwaleko ngenxa yomonakalo owabangelwa yiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala, imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nemvukelo eyalandelayo. Imizi-mveliso emininzi yatshatyalaliswa ngeli xesha. Iziseko zophuhliso zitshatyalalisiwe kunye neendlela zothutho zonakala. Le yokugqibela yayinzulu ngakumbi, ukuba siyayiqwalasela into yokuba yayithintela abantu ekuboneleleni ngezibaso eziyimfuneko zokufudumeza amakhaya abo.
Iqela labantwana baseRashiya ebudeni bendlala ngowe-1922
Umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wezoQoqosho
Iingxaki azizange ziphelele apho. Imali yacinezelwa kwaye urhulumente wahlutha impahla yabucala yongxowankulu baseRashiya, kunye nabangaphandle, ngaphandle kwembuyekezo yemali. Umhlaba wezoLimo, amashishini, iifektri, ii-mills, iibhanki, ... Yonke into yaginywa ngurhulumente waseSoviet kwaye, ngenxa yoko, imarike yawa, imveliso yamashishini yawa ngama-88% kwaye isivuno se-cereal sahla ukusuka kwi-78 ukuya kwi-48 yezigidi zeetoni eziqokelelweyo. . Andisathethi ke ngokugxothwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso.
Umbhali-mbali uStéphane Courtois, umnxibelelanisi wencwadi edumileyo ethi 'Incwadi Emnyama yobuKomanisi' kunye nombhali we "Lenin: umqambi wobuzwilakhe" (La Esfera de los Libros, 2021), wathi: "Kwiinyanga ezingamashumi amathathu, uLenin uphucula ukonakalisa iRashiya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iRashiya iphumelele. Ngowe-1914 kwazalwa igunya lesihlanu lezoqoqosho ehlabathini. Umsebenzi okhethekileyo. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso akuzange kutshintshe: ukusuka kwisiseko se-100 kwi-1913, amaxabiso ahlupheke ukuya kwi-755 kwi-1917, ukuya kwi-10.200 ngo-Oktobha 1918, ukuya kwi-92.300 ngo-Oktobha 1919, ukuya kwi-962.000 ngo-1920, kunye ne-64 yezigidi kwi-1923.
Ekupheleni kokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, iUnited States yayisele inikele uncedo lwayo kumaBolshevik amaNcinane emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kodwa uLenin wala. Noko ke, ngowe-1921, le meko ayizange izinze yaye watyeshela imbopheleleko yakhe. NgoMatshi wasebenzisa uMgaqo-nkqubo oMtsha wezoQoqosho (NEP), kunye noluhlu lwemilinganiselo awathi yena ngokwakhe wabiza "i-State capitalism." Oku kuza kuthatha indawo “yobukomanisi bemfazwe” obuphuhliswe kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo obunike iziphumo ezimbi ngolo hlobo.
Lenin, ebudeni bentetho phambi kwabalandeli bakhe ngowe-1917
Hoover ukuhlangula
Kwinombolo ye-USSR, uMaxim Gorky wabhala imephu kuFridtjof Nansen, igosa eliphezulu leZizwe eziManyeneyo elijongene nokunyusa imali kwi-Red Cross. Kuyo, umbhali odumileyo ongumhlobo kaLenin wathi: “Ndicela bonke abemi abanyanisekileyo baseYurophu nabaseMerika ukuba bancede abantu baseRashiya ngokukhawuleza. Siphe isonka namayeza. Kwangaloo nyanga, owayeza kuba ngumongameli waseUnited States, uHerbert Hoover, ngoko owayeyintloko yesebe lokunceda uluntu iARA (Ulawulo Loncedo lwaseMerika) wathumela lo myalezo ulandelayo kuSosiba weLizwe: “Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uye wanikela ingqalelo kwizibheno ezathunyelwa nguMbutho. UGorki efuna uncedo, kunye nezibhengezo ezinomdla zoRhulumente wamaBolshevik, ozenza ngathi akabagunyazisanga […]. Nangona le nto ingekho ngqiqweni, ndikholelwa ngokunzulu ukuba kufuneka siye kuncedo lwabantwana kwaye, ngaphezu koko, sinikeze inkxaso yezempilo.
"Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba soyisiwe kakhulu kwicala lezoqoqosho"
Ikhwelo loncedo kumakomanisi lavuselela uhlobo lwentshukumo yomanyano eUnited States. Ngo-Oktobha, uLenin wazithethelela ngale ngxoxo ilandelayo: “Akukho mathandabuzo okuba siye soyiswa kakhulu kwicala lezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yeemeko, akunakuphepheka ukuba abanye abantu bazive bedakumbile, phantse boyike.” Yaye wawuqukumbela umbhalo wakhe ngesiRashiya esithi: “Indoda ebethwayo ixabisa isibini. Emva kokubethwa siqale ukuqhubela phambili kancinci, ngokucwangcisiweyo nangokulumkileyo. "
Inkokeli mhlawumbi ibifuna ngazo zonke iindleko ukunqanda ukuba iintshukumo zayo ngempazamo zitolikwe njengoloyiso lobukhapitali kunye nokoyiswa kobukomanisi. Yiyo loo nto waqinisekisayo, ngomyalezo oguqulwe kakhulu, ukuba "amandla ombuso weproletarian, ngenkxaso yabalimi, aya kubonisa ukuba ayakwazi ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo la manene, ama-capitalist, ukuze aqondise ubungxowankulu ngokusebenzisa amajelo aseburhulumenteni. kunye nokudala ubungxowankulu obuthobela urhulumente”. Kodwa akukho nanye kwezi eyayisitheleyo isibakala: ULenin kwafuneka amkele uncedo oluvela eUnited States nakuMbutho Womnqamlezo Obomvu ukuze aqhubele phambili.
Ipowusta yeSoviet evela kwi-1921, efundeka ngesiRashiya: "Khumbula abo balambileyo!"
Ngaphezulu kwe-200 imivalo
Iinqanawa zaseMelika ezizaliswe yigrits, i-cocoa, ubisi olujikisiweyo, isonka esimhlophe kunye neswekile azizange zibe kudala zafika eRashiya. Kwiinyanga ezili-18 ezizayo siya kufikelela ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini kunye nenani leetoni eziliwaka phakathi kokutya kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Ngeli xesha, iHoover yakwazi ukuphakamisa, ngaphezu koko, ilingana ne-1.200 yezigidi zeedola. Kwaba, abangaphezu kwama-300 babevela kurhulumente waseUnited States. Kwaye amaphephandaba afana ne-'The Chicago Tribune 'anemifanekiso emininzi kunye namanqaku kwiphepha lokuqala apho indlala eyabangelwa nguLenin yahlalutywa, kunye nolwazi kuwo onke amaphulo ayeququzelelwe kweli lizwe ukunyusa ukutya kunye nemali.
UColonel William Haskell, indoda yasemkhosini enamava kumsebenzi wokunceda abantu, yayijongene nokuququzelela wonke lo msebenzi. Oku kubonelele ngeziqephu ezithile ebezingenakucingelwa kwiminyaka yamva yeMfazwe Yomlomo, njengemeko yomsebenzi woncedo waseMelika uHarold Blandy owabulawa ngumkhuhlane wetyphoid kolunye lohambo lokuya eRashiya. Ekufumaniseni oko, iKremlin ayizange ilibazise nangomzuzwana yaza yalungiselela umngcwabo karhulumente womfi. Ibhokisi yakhe, eyayigqunywe iflegi yaseMelika, yakhatshwa kwizitrato zaseMoscow ngenqwelwana emhlophe etofotofo netsalwa ngamahashe asibhozo.
Usokole kangakanani u-Stalin ukuba athathe indawo ye-NEP ngesiCwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu yoShishino
Njengoko iinyanga zaziqengqeleka, uncedo lwakhula kangangokuba lwaphela luyingxaki. Kwaqokelelwa ukutya okuninzi nezinto zonyango kangangokuba kwakungekho nqanawa yaneleyo okanye oololiwe bokuhamba, ngoko ke inkqubo yoncedo loluntu yawohloka. Ngenxa yoko, baya kufumana ukugxekwa kowona mgca unzima wombutho wamakomanisi ngenxa yokuba abalawuli babo banikezela kubungxowankulu. ULenin, kwelakhe icala, wayesoloko ephendula ngelithi nangona obu yayibubukhapitali obuncinane, urhulumente wakhe waqhubeka elawula ishishini, imigodi neebhanki.
Uxinzelelo lwalukhula kwaye, nje ukuba uLenin asweleke ngo-1924 kwaye u-Stalin wabandezeleka kulawulo, i-NEP yathatyathelwa indawo zizicwangciso zeminyaka emihlanu yoshishino. Ezinye zezi yaba kukuwohloka ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ziye zafumana iziphumo ezihle, nto leyo eyenza abantu babengcono. Ekupheleni kweli shumi leminyaka kunye nokuqala kwelandelayo, nangona kunjalo, iiSoviets ziya kuba ziiavokhado zibuyele esihogweni kunye ne-collective kunye ne-genocide yase-Ukraine.
