LANDELA
Kwiminyaka engama-66 yezigidi eyadlulayo baphuma, kunye nezinye iidayinaso, emva kwempembelelo yemeteorite eyabangela ngaphezulu kwama-75% obomi emhlabeni. Yayihlala kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba nguMntla Merika, kwaye ukususela oko u-Edward Drinker Cope wafumanisa umzekelo wokuqala ngo-1892, zombini ukuziphatha kwayo okukhohlakeleyo kunye neempawu ezithile zokwakheka kwayo ziyaqhubeka zibangela izazinzulu.
Kwaye kungenxa yokuba iTyrannosaurus Rex yayinemilenze yangaphambili emifutshane engaqhelekanga, ihamba kancinci kwaye, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, 'ayingeni' kunye nomzimba wonke wesinye sezilwanyana ezinkulu eziye zabeka unyawo kwiplanethi yethu. Ngaphezulu kweemitha ezili-13 ubude, ukhakhayi lwayo olukhulu kunye nemihlathi enamandla kakhulu eyakhe yabakho, iT.
urex wayekwazi ukuluma ngamandla izazi ngezidalwa zamandulo eziqikelela ukuba phakathi kwama-20.000 57.000 nama-300 XNUMX eetoni ezintsha. Okufanayo, umzekelo, ukuba indlovu izama phantsi xa ihleli phantsi. Ukuthelekisa, kwanele ukuthi amandla okuluma komntu akafane abe ngaphezu kwee-newtons ezingama-XNUMX.
Kutheni iingalo ezimfutshane kangaka?
Ngoku, kwakutheni ukuze u-T. Rex abe nezixhobo ezincinci ngolu hlobo? Ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka, izazinzulu ziye zacebisa iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo (ngokukhwelana, ukubamba amaxhoba abo, ukubuyela kwizilwanyana ezihlasele ...), kodwa kuKevin Padian, i-paleontologist kwiYunivesithi yaseBerkeley, eCalifornia, akukho nanye. yazo ichanekile.
Kwinqaku lakutshanje elipapashwe kwi-'Acta Paleontologica Polonica ', enyanisweni, i-Padian igcina ukuba iingalo ze-T. rex zincitshiswe ngobukhulu ukuphepha umonakalo ongenakulungiseka obangelwa ukulunywa komnye wabalingane babo. Indaleko ayilugcini uphawu oluthile lomzimba ukuba akunjalo ngesizathu esihle. Kwaye uPadian, ukuze abuze ukuba yeyiphi loo malungu amafutshane angaphezulu angasetyenziselwa, agxininise ekufumaneni ukuba zeziphi iingenelo ezinokuthi zibe nazo kwisilwanyana. Kwiphepha lakhe, umphandi uqikelela ukuba iingalo ze-T.
I-13 yeemitha ze-T. rex, umzekelo, kunye ne-skull ye-1,5 mitha ubude, ineengalo nom ubude kune-90 centimeters. Ukuba sisebenzisa le milinganiselo kumntu oziimitha ezisisi-1,80 ubude, iingalo zakhe aziyi kuba neesentimitha ezili-13 ubude.
ukuphepha ukulunywa
“Kwakuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ii<em>tyrannosaurs ezingabantu abadala bezinokuhlanganisana kufutshane nesidumbu? Imimangaliso yasePadian. Besiya kuba nentaba yokakayi olukhulu, olunemihlathi enamandla ngendlela emangalisayo kunye namazinyo akrazukileyo kwaye ahlafuna inyama nethambo kanye ecaleni komnye. Yaye kuthekani ukuba omnye wabo ucinga ukuba omnye uyasondela kakhulu? Inokumlumkisa ukuba angayi ngokumnqumla ingalo. Ke ukunciphisa imilenze yangaphambili kunokuba yinzuzo enkulu, kukuba abasayi kusetyenziswa ekulweni."
Inxeba elimandundu liye laphumela ekulunyweni okunokukhokelela kusulelo, ukopha, ukothuka, yaye ekugqibeleni ukufa. Kwisifundo sakhe, uPadian uthi izinyanya ze-tyrannosaurs zineengalo ezinde, ngoko ke ukuncipha kwabo okulandelayo kufuneka kube nesizathu esihle. Ngaphezu koko, oku kuncitshiswa akuzange kuchaphazele kuphela T. rex, owayehlala kuMntla Merika, kodwa nezinye iidinosaurs ezinkulu ezidla inyama ezazihlala eAfrika, eMzantsi Melika, eYurophu naseAsia ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo eCretaceous, ezinye zazo zikhulu ngakumbi kuneTyrannosaurus Rex.
Ngokutsho kukaPadian, zonke iimbono malunga nalo mba ezinikelwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku “azikazanywa okanye azinakwenzeka ngenxa yokuba azinakusebenza. Kwaye akukho ngqikelelo ichaza ukuba kutheni iingalo zinokuba ncinci. Kuzo zonke iimeko, imisebenzi ecetywayo ngeyasebenza ngakumbi ukuba ibingancitshiswanga ukuba ibonwe njengezixhobo.”
Babezingela ngeepakethe
Ingcamango ecetywayo kuphando lwakhe lwenzeka kumphandi xa ezinye i-paleontologists zifumene ubungqina bokuba i-T.rex yayingeyena umzingeli wedwa, njengoko kulindelekile, kodwa ngokufuthi ezingelwa kwiipakethi.
Uninzi lweendawo eziphambili ezifunyenweyo Kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, uPadian uyacacisa, abonisa iityrannosaurs zabantu abadala kunye nabaselula. “Enyanisweni—uyalatha- asinakucinga ukuba babehlala kunye okanye babonakale kunye. Siyazi nje ukuba baphela bangcwatywa kunye. Kodwa xa iisayithi ezininzi zifunyenwe apho kwenzeka into enye, uphawu luba namandla. Kwaye inokwenzeka, abanye abaphandi abasele beyiphakamisile, kukuba babezingela kwiqela.
Kuphononongo lwayo, i-paleontologist yaseBerkeley yaphonononga yaza yalahla enye nenye izisombululo zentsokolo ecetywayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. “Uyachaza nje- iingalo zimfutshane kakhulu. Abanakuchukumisa omnye nomnye, abakwazi ukufikelela emlonyeni wabo, kwaye ukuhamba kwabo kulinganiselwe kangangokuba abanako ukunweba kude kakhulu, nokuba phambili okanye phezulu. Intloko enkulu kunye nentamo ziphambi kwabo kwaye zenza uhlobo lomatshini wokufa esiwubonile eJurassic Park. " Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, iqela le-paleontologists lahlalutya iingalo ezityalwe apho nge-hypothesis yokuba i-T. rex yayinokuphakamisa malunga ne-181 kg kunye nabo. "Kodwa into," utshilo uPadians, "yeyokuba awunokusondela ngokwaneleyo kuyo nantoni na ukuyichola."
izifaniso zangoku
Ingqikelelo kaPadian inezifaniso nezinye izilwanyana zokwenyani, njengenamba enkulu yase-Indonesia i-Komodo, ezingela ngokwamaqela kwaye, emva kokubulala ixhoba, imizekelo emikhulu yatsibela kuyo kwaye ishiya iintsalela zeyona incinci. Kule nkqubo, akuqhelekanga ukuba enye yeedragons igcine ukwenzakala okubi. Kwaye okufanayo kuya kwiingwenya. Kwi-Padian, indawo efanayo yayinokudlala kunye no-T. rex kunye nezinye iintsapho ze-tyrannosaurs kwizigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, uPadian ngokwakhe uyavuma ukuba akunakuze kwenzeke ukuvavanya iingcamango zakhe, nangona wayenokufumana ukulungelelaniswa ukuba uhlolisise zonke iisampuli zeT. "Amanxeba okuluma kukhakhayi kunye nezinye iindawo zamathambo - uyachaza- ayaziwa kwezinye iityrannosaurs kunye needinosaurs ezidliwayo. Ukuba ufumana amanqaku ambalwa okuluma kwimilenze enqabileyo, ingaba ngumqondiso wokuba i-shrunken ilinganiselwe ngobukhulu."
