LANDELA
NgoSeptemba 12, 1962, uMongameli wase-United States ngoko uJohn F. Kennedy wathetha ilizwi eHouston elaliza kungena kwimbali: "Sikhethe ukuya eNyangeni." Ngaloo ntetho wavakalisa injongo eqinileyo yolawulo lwakhe lokuba abantu baseMelika babeke unyawo kwisathelayithi yethu okokuqala. NgoFebruwari 16, 2022, uJosef Aschbacher, uMlawuli Jikelele we-European Space Agency (ESA) wenza into efanayo kwi-European Space Summit, eyayibanjelwe eToulouse (eFransi). “Lifikile ixesha lokuba 'namabhongo aseYurophu' ngesithuba. Apha nangoku”, wabhengeza oko umongameli waseFransi, uManuel Macron, wathetha ngokubaluleka kokuphononongwa kwendawo yaseYurophu.
Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwangoku lwe-ESA alufuni ukuba ilizwekazi elidala lishiywe ngaphandle kogqatso lwendawo entsha, ngoko ke libonisa onke amathuba anokwenzeka okukhuthaza iinjongo ezintsha.
Umzekelo ocacileyo sisibhengezo esitsha seendawo zoosomajukujuku-kubandakanywa nepara-astronaut yokuqala embalini-, inkqubo ekwakufuneka iqhutywe rhoqo ukusukela ngo-1978, eyokugqibela ngo-2008. ukudala i-shuttle yabo ye-astronaut ezimeleyo kwaye bathathe iYurophu yokuqala ukuba bahambe eNyangeni, inyaniso apho u-Aschbacher wayenesibindi sokubeka umhla: 2035. Kwaye indlela yayingayi kuphelela apho, ekubeni kamva uhambo lwabaseYurophu ukuya eMars luya kufuneka lube. ityalwe. Nangakumbi. Kutheni kungeyonyanga ethembisayo yeSaturn?
Okwangoku, yi-United States kuphela, iRashiya kunye ne-China kuphela abakwazi ukuthumela iinqanawa zabo ezifakwe emajukujukwini. Kuze kube kutshanje, iYurophu inkontileka yamathikithi kwi-Soyuz yaseRashiya; Nangona kunjalo, okoko i-NASA isayine isivumelwano kunye ne-SpaceX ukuba i-Crew Dragon ithathe oosomajukujuku bayo ibase kwiSikhululo seNdawo saMazwe ngaMazwe (ISS), i-ESA iphinde yakhetha le ndlela yothutho. Kwaye nangona imiyalezo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iphakamise ukuba siza kuqhubeka nokuthenga itikiti lethu lokuya emajukujukwini kwamanye amazwe okanye kwiinkampani, lo myalelo omtsha - uAschbacher waqeshwa kunyaka ophelileyo ngoku - ufuna eyakhe inkqubo ezimeleyo.
Kutheni le nto iYurophu kufuneka isuswe kwiqela lamazwe alawula ukubhabha kwabantu eyedwa? Ngaba sifanele siqhube umngcipheko wokuba iYurophu iya kugqitywa ngamazwe amaninzi ekuphuhliseni imimandla elandelayo yeqhinga kunye nezoqoqosho, indawo yangaphandle? "Utshilo uMlawuli Jikelele we-ESA ngexesha lentetho efanayo, owathi" igunya lezopolitiko ngokuqinisekileyo " , kukuba "i-ESA ibambe iteknoloji".
Ngaloo ndlela, intloko ye-European space agency yachaza ukuba iphucula iqela eliphezulu leengcebiso malunga nokuhlolwa kwendawo yoluntu njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yakhe. Iqela elenziwe ngokuyininzi kweengcali ezivela ngaphandle kwecandelo, "ukuqinisekisa iingcebiso ezizimeleyo kunye nokungakhethi cala ukulungiselela izigqibo kwiNkomfa yoMphathiswa we-ESA ngoNovemba kulo nyaka kunye neNgqungquthela ye-Space elandelwayo kwi-2023." Ngenxa yokuba iinjongo zabo aziyi kuxabisa nto ukuba amazwe angamashumi amabini enza i-arhente ye-space anganikeli imvume yabo.
'I-Manifesto ye-Astronauts yaseYurophu'
Emva kwengqungquthela, i-ESA yapapasha isicatshulwa esithi 'I-Manifesto ye-astronauts yaseYurophu', apho ixwayiswa ukuba iimpazamo zexesha elidlulileyo kwezinye iindawo ezicwangcisiweyo akufanele ziphindwe, "okungazange kusenze sixhomekeke kubadlali bangaphandle kumandla ethu. iimfuno okanye uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yolwazi. Ikwagxininisa ukuba iYurophu ihlala iyinkokeli kwimimandla efana nokuqwalaselwa koMhlaba, ukuhamba ngenqanawa okanye isayensi yendawo, kodwa "inendawo ebambekayo kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo zothutho kunye nokuhlola indawo."
Ngosuku olulandelayo, uFrank De Winne, umlawuli we-ESA's European Astronaut Centre, wathi ezopolitiko yinto yokuqala ekufuneka isonjululwe yi-arhente, ebhekisa kwinkxaso evela kumazwe angamalungu. "Sinethemba lokufumana loo mpendulo ekupheleni konyaka." Umsitho omkhulu iya kuba yintlanganiso yabaphathiswa, intlanganiso eya kubanjwa kanye emva kweminyaka emithathu, nalapho amalungu karhulumente athatha izigqibo malunga nokuba yeyiphi na imisebenzi kunye neenkqubo eziya phambili kunye noluphi uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Nje ukuba umboniso ufikelele phambili, lixesha lokucinga malunga neenkcukacha. “Ngowuphi umqalisi esiza kuwusebenzisa akugqitywanga. Ngaba kufanele ukuba yi-Ariane 6 okanye kufuneka senze into eyahlukileyo njengoko oogxa bethu beNASA benzile nge-SpaceX okanye nezinye iinkampani? ” Uqinisekisile uDe Winne. Ngenxa yokuba, okwangoku, iYurophu ine-alias yenkampani yaseFransi i-Arianespace, eyenza iirokethi ze-Ariane. Ube noxanduva, umzekelo, ukudala i-rocket eyaphakamisa i-James Webb Space Telescope kumlenze wayo wokuqala wokuhamba.
I-'Matoshino Manifesto'
Kunyaka ongaphambili, i-ESA yapapasha umyalezo obhaliweyo, 'iMatoshinos Manifesto', apho yayichaza isicwangciso sayo sokukhawulezisa umdyarho wayo wasemajukujukwini. Ngokusisiseko, le leta yalatha 'izinto ezikhawulezayo' ezintathu: sebenzisa umbono womhlaba wokwazisa ngemeko yeplanethi yethu kunye nekamva layo elinokwenzeka; nceda oorhulumente bathathe amanyathelo acacileyo kwiingxaki ezijongene neYurophu, ukusuka kwizikhukula kunye nezaqhwithi ukuya kwimililo yasendle; kunye nokukhusela oosomajukujuku be-ESA kunye nee-asethi ekuphazamisekeni kobutyobo bendawo kunye nemozulu yasemajukujukwini.
Ikwalatha 'kwiziphembeleli' ezimbini “zokomeleza ubunkokeli baseYurophu kwinzululwazi, uphuhliso lobugcisa kunye nempembelelo”: isampula yothumo lokubuyisela olusuka kwinyanga enomkhenkce; kwaye, ngokuchanekileyo, ukuphononongwa komntu kwendawo.
Ayiloxesha lokuqala ukuba iYurophu icinge malunga neenqwelomoya ezinomntu. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, umzekelo, i-arhente yaseFransi iCNES yaqalisa izifundo kwinqwelo-moya yaseHermes, eyasungulwa kusetyenziswa i-rocket ye-Ariane 5. kunye neengxaki zemali ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwesixhobo esinye.
Kwaye, ngoku, uphando luyenziwa kwiimishini zabantu eYurophu. Ngokomzekelo, uhlolisiso olwenziwa kwiNkomfa yeGlobal Space Exploration ka-2021 eSt. Kutshanje, ijenali 'Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews' ipapashe uphononongo oluphonononga ukuba nokwenzeka kokufukama njengendlela yeendlela ezinde zesithuba.
Ngokufanayo, i-ESA yayibandakanyekile kwiNkqubo ye-Artemis: ekhokelwa yi-NASA, le 'Apollo entsha' ifana nento ekuphenduleni ukuzisa amadoda kunye nomfazi wokuqala kwindawo yenyanga kule minyaka elishumi njengesandulela sokutyelela komntu kwi-Mars. . “Izihlalo ezithathu sele zikhuselekile ngokuthatha kwethu inxaxheba kulwakhiwo lweGateway. Kwaye ukuba sinokwenza igalelo elingakumbi ku-Artemis, oko kuvula umnyango we-astronauts yaseYurophu ukuba ibeke unyawo eNyangeni ", watsho uDavid Parker, umlawuli wokuhlola abantu kunye ne-robotics kwi-ESA, kwinkomfa yabezindaba kunyaka odlulileyo.
"Ekuphela kwento esiyifunayo yinkxaso yabenzi bezigqibo: ukunika i-ESA igunya lokuphuhlisa i-roadmap enqwenelekayo yekamva laseYurophu ekuhloleni indawo, kunye masifezekise oko kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphambili - ithi i-manifesto yayo. Ixesha lokuhamba ngesikhephe ngoku."
