“Iikhathuni ezidume kakubi ze-'El Espectador' zifanelwe kukubethwa kakuhle kubahleli belo phetshana. Akwanelanga ukubamba amanani. Ukuphelisa amaphephandaba amabi, kuyafuneka ukuba kubulawe iintatheli,” utshilo uRamón María Narváez phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. La mazwi aqokelelwa nguNjengele Fernando Fernández de Córdova kwi-'Itimate Memories '(Rivadeneyra, 1889), apho wakhumbula ukuba iNkulumbuso yamaxesha asixhenxe, ngexesha lolawulo luka-Isabel II, "yamkhubekisayo kwaye yamhlazisa" loo mqalisi. uburharha begraphic bondaba. Umzekelo wayo yonke le misebenzi igxeka amandla kunye noluntu epapashwe kushicilelo lwaseSpain, kuloo nkulungwane yeziphithiphithi zembali yethu, yile iboniswa ukusuka namhlanje ukuya kutsho ngoFebruwari 26, 2023 kwiMyuziyam yeSizwe yeRomanticism eMadrid. "Isampulu esisinceda kuluntu ukuba sifumanise ukuba uburharha bethu bangaphambili kunye nendlela yokubumela abutshintshanga, eneneni, akukho nto," umgcini kunye nomgcini womboniso, uMónica Rodríguez Subirana, ubhekisa kwi-ABC. Kwi 'Ngoncumo lwehlabathi. I-Caricature, intlekisa kunye noburharha kwi-Romanticism ibonisa ingqokelela evela kwingqokelela yembali yoshicilelo evela kwiingqokelela zemyuziyam, eziqhele ukuboniswa ngenxa yeemfuno zabo ezizodwa zolondolozo. Iziqwenga ezinobuchule obahluke kakhulu kunye neefomathi ezihamba phakathi kwe-satire, i-caricature kunye nemifanekiso. Kwezi kongezwa imali-mboleko evela kwiThala leeNcwadi leSizwe laseSpain, elifana nomzobo 'uLady Macbeth'. Yenziwe ngubhuti kaGustavo Adolfo Becquer, uValeriano, kunye nee-watercolors ezimbini ze-'Los Borbones en pelota', eyona ngqokelela ye-acidic satirical kunye ne-caricature yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ezinikele ekugxekeni u-Isabel II kunye neqela lakhe. 'Isiqalo kunye nesiphelo sohambo kuloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu', nguFrancisco Ortego, epapashwe kwi-'El Cascabel' ngo-1866 iMuseum of Romanticism. I-BNE yazithenga kumntu wabucala ngeminyaka yoo-80. Zenziwa ngo-1868, emva kokuwa kweKumkanikazi kunye nokuqala kwe-Revolutionary Sexennium, ngexesha apho ukugxekwa kwamandla kusasazeka kakhulu ngokusebenzisa le mizobo, ibeka abezopolitiko kunye namalungu oBukhosi kwiindawo ezihlazo. iphonografi”, ugxininisa umlondolozi. Lo mboniso uquka imixholo emibini engundoqo: kwelinye icala, ukusetyenziswa kwezi khathuni njengesixhobo sezopolitiko esichasene namandla, esiphumelele ukusabela koorhulumente abahlukeneyo ngokuhlolwa okunamandla, kwaye, kwelinye icala, ukugxekwa kwezentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, i-cartoon epapashwe kwiphephancwadi elithi 'El Cascabel', apho unokubona usapho lunandipha uhambo "kwisitimela esinesantya esiphezulu", njengokungathi sisinye sokulibaziseka kukaRenfe, njengento yokugculela, kodwa ngo-1866. 'El carnaval', i-watercolor eyinxalenye ye 'Los Bourbons en pelota', ukusuka kwi-1868 BNE "Zii-memes zangaphambili, indlela yokuzibonakalisa kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo ukuba, nangona oku, kuthi yonke imihla", ubonisa uRudríguez Subirana, ophinde abonise umfanekiso wombhali wayo, umzobi omkhulu wemifanekiso uFrancisco Ortego: "Wayengowokuqala esinokumqwalasela umzobi, ekubeni wayengowokuqala ukuzinikela ngokukodwa kumaphephandaba kwaye aphile kuyo kuphela, into eyayinzima kakhulu. Wayeqondwa kakhulu ngabantu bexesha lakhe, kangangokuba iindaba zokufa kwakhe ngo-1881 zaba nefuthe elikhulu eSpeyin.
