Pakati pekudonha kweHumambo hwemaTsars, muna 1917, uye kuparadzwa kweSoviet Union, muna 1991, makore makumi manomwe nemana enhoroondo akapfuura. Munguva iyi yakareba mafambiro eU.SR, iyo yakatambanudzwa kubva kuUrals kusvika kumiganhu yeCentral Asia, uye miganhu yeSiberia, yakasarudzwa nemutungamiri mumwe. Avo avo musi waKurume 11, 1985 vakaisa Mikhail Gorbachev (Privolnoie 1931) pamusoro pesimba vaisaziva nezvekusarudza Munyori Mukuru wekupedzisira weSoviet Communist Party. Pamakore makumi mashanu nemana, aive mudiki pane nhengo yePolitburo uye, pakasvika nguva, mumiriri wekuzvarwa kuti atore mukweguru Konstantin Chernienko. Mwedzi mishomanana izvi zvisati zvaitika, muna 1984, akanga ashanyira nyika dzakawanda semharidzo. Kukurumidza uye kugutsikana uko vanenge vatungamiri vose vokuMadokero vakagamuchira nako kusvika kwake panhongonya kwairatidza kuti vakanga vatorwa mwoyo chaizvo. Kunyange zvazvo akanga asiri dzidziso, Gorbachev akanga ari mukominisiti ane chivimbo chenheyo dzinokosha dzepfungwa dzesosharisiti, uye akaedza kuchengeta kuzvipira kwake. Kuedza kwake kushandura hurongwa hwakamira hwakawanzogamuchirwa. Zvingave nekuda kwekutendiswa kana nekuda, kubva pakutanga kwetemu yake akakurudzira kuwirirana neUnited States. Musangano naReagan muGeneva, munaNovember 1985, wakapa nzira yekudétente. Mamiriro ekunze matsva akaita kuti zvibvumirano zvekudzikisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvigoneke, uye kunyungudika kwenyika dzese. Nhoroondo inobvuma basa rake mukudonha kweRusvingo rweBerlin, uye mushanduko dzisina mhirizhonga muna 1989 muCentral neEastern Europe: angadai akaita seSoviet-style, sezvakaita muHungary (1956) uye Czechoslovakian (1968) matambudziko, uye akasarudza kuita. vanhu ngavafambe munzira dzavo vakasununguka. Basa raGorbachev rakasimba muzviitiko izvi harina kuenda risingaonekwe nemumwe muratidziri mukuru: John Paul II. Yakazvipira kune yangu thesis muPolitical Science kune kuongororwa kwepesvedzero yababa vekutanga vechiSlavic mune shanduko idzi, uye Gorbachev akabvuma kukokwa kwangu kunyora kuratidzwa kwebhuku. Mumakore iwayo vakandibvunzurudza ini pachangu nemusana wangu, kusanganisira mutengo wavo. Gorbachev aitogara achiyemura John Paul II mumamepu ake aakandinyorera nekurudziro yake. Mwedzi mishomanana pamberi pekufa kwaJohn Paul II, akagovera maonero ake pamusoro paWojtyla: "anoita semukuru wezvematongerwo enyika wemazuva ano uyo anonyatsotsvaga kuti awane kukunda: kuti chiremerera chemunhu chive chirevo chezviitiko zvose zvevanhu" (Gumiguru. 27, 2004). Pashure pomusangano wavo wokutanga muVatican, pana December 1, 1989, kuyemura nokuonga kwakamuka. Makumi maviri emakore gare gare, mukurukuri Navarro-Valls aizoyeuka kuti, pakati pemisangano yose yaakava nayo panguva yake yemakore makumi maviri nemanomwe, "imwe yeakanyanya kufarirwa naKarol Wojtyla ndiyo yaaiva nayo naMikhail Gorbachev." Zuva iroro, mutauriri akaudza John Paul II maonero ake aGorbachev: "murume wemitemo," Papa akapindura, "munhu anotenda zvakanyanya mumitemo yake zvokuti anoda kugamuchira zvose zvinoguma zvaitika. ." Chii chakaita kuti pave nekubatana pakati pehunhu hwese? Kune wekupedzisira anofungidzirwa mutungamiri, kiyi yaive munhoroondo uye geography: vese vaive varanda. “Pakutanga,” Gorbachev akayeuka kudaro pashure porufu rwaJohn Paul II, “kuratidza kuti Baba Vatsvene vakanga vari vechiSlavic sei, uye kuti vairemekedza sei Soviet Union itsva, kwakaratidzika sokunge takapedza maminiti gumi okutanga tiri toga pamwe chete uye vaitaura muchiRussian. ” Wojtyla akanga azvigadzirira nokuda kwekurukurirano, achivandudza mutauro wechiRussia: “Ndakawedzera zivo yangu nokuda kwenhambo yacho,” akadaro pakutanga. Varanda vaviri vakakatyamadzwa nekurukurirano iyoyo muLibrary of the Apostolic Palace. Vakashamisa tuning yakamuka kubva kune yakasikwa tanning mode. "Apo musangano wakashandiswa, wakanyorwa makore mushure meGorbachev, ndakaudza Papa kuti mazwi akafanana kana akafanana anowanzowanikwa mumashoko angu uye mune zvake." Pasina tsaona zvaive. Zvakawanda zvakasangana zvaive chiratidzo chekuti pane "chimwe chinhu chakafanana pazasi, mupfungwa dzedu." Musangano uyu waive mavambo ehukama hwakakosha pakati pehunhu huviri, pakutanga hwaive kure zvakanyanya. “Ndinofunga kuti ndinogona kutaura nenzira yakarurama kuti mukati mamakore iwayo takava shamwari,” Gorbachev akanyora pamsoro pezana ramakore raJohn Paul II. Musi waChivabvu 18, 2020, pachiitiko chemakore zana ekuzvarwa kwake muWadowice, Gorbachev akapa rukudzo kushamwari yake nechinyorwa chakaburitswa muL'Osservatore Romano, umo akarangarira mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX: " Mumakore eperestroika uye gare gare ndakava nomukana wokusangana navanhu vakatanhamara, pakati pavo vakawana vamwe vanhu venhau zvamazvirokwazvo. Asi kunyange pakati pavo, vashoma vakasiya chiratidzo chakajeka kudaro muyeuko yangu saPapa Wake Utsvene John Paul II.” Purezidhendi wokupedzisira weUSSR akagumisa neshoko rokuti: “Kana, pashure pokupera kweHondo Yemashoko, zvematongerwe enyika enyika zvakanga zvakavakirwa padzidziso iyoyo [yekuisa munhu pakati], kudai zvematongerwe enyika zvakanga zvaswedera pedyo uye zvakurudzira kutsika, . zvikanganiso zvakawanda uye kukundikana, izvo zvakadhura nyika zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvingadai zvakadziviswa. Kusangana kwenhoroondo kwave kureva kuti rimwe bhuku diki pamusoro pe "Kuumbwa kwehushamwari pakupera kweHondo Yemashoko: John Paul II naGorbachev", rakabudiswa pakupera kwaChikunguru, rakatungamira kufa kwekupedzisira nemavhiki mana chete. Mutungamiriri weUSSR. Mijaíl Gorbachev akatotora, pamwe chete neshamwari yake John Paul II, nzvimbo yake yakakodzera munhoroondo yezana remakore rechiXNUMX. NEZVEMUNYORI José R. GARITAGOITIA PhD muPolitical Science uye Public International Law.
