LANDANI
Zaka 66 miliyoni zapitazo adatuluka, pamodzi ndi ma dinosaurs ena onse, pambuyo pa kukhudzidwa kwa meteorite komwe kunayambitsa moyo woposa 75% padziko lapansi. Imakhala m'dera lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa North America, ndipo chiyambire pamene Edward Drinker Cope anapeza chitsanzo choyamba mu 1892, khalidwe lake loipa komanso mbali zina za thupi lake zikupitirizabe kuchititsa chidwi asayansi.
Ndipo ndizoti Tyrannosaurus Rex inali ndi miyendo yakutsogolo yayifupi modabwitsa, yosayenda pang'ono komanso kuti, mosakayikira, 'sikukwanira' ndi thupi lonse la zilombo zazikulu zomwe zaponda padziko lapansi. Ndi kutalika kwa mamita 13, chigaza chake chachikulu komanso nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zidakhalapo, T.
rex anali wokhoza kuluma ndi mphamvu imene akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amati ma Newtons 20.000 ndi 57.000. Mofananamo, mwachitsanzo, kuti njovu imagwira ntchito pansi ikakhala pansi. Kuti tiyerekeze, ndikwanira kunena kuti mphamvu yoluma ya munthu siiposa 300 Newtons.
Chifukwa chiyani manja aafupi chonchi?
Tsopano, nchifukwa chiyani a T. Rex anali ndi zida zazing'ono mopusa chonchi? Kwa zaka zopitirira XNUMX, asayansi akhala akupereka mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana (okhudzana ndi kugonana, kugwira nyama, kubwerera ku zinyama zomwe adamenyana nazo ...), koma kwa Kevin Padian, katswiri wa paleontologist pa yunivesite ya Berkeley, ku California, palibe. mwa iwo ndi olondola.
M'nkhani yaposachedwapa yomwe inafalitsidwa mu 'Acta Paleontologica Polonica', kwenikweni, Padian akutsimikizira kuti manja a T. rex amachepetsedwa kukula kuti apewe kuwonongeka kosasinthika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kulumidwa ndi mmodzi wa anzawo. Chisinthiko sichimasunga mkhalidwe winawake wakuthupi ngati si pa chifukwa chabwino. Ndipo Padian, kuti afunse kuti ndi ziti zomwe zing'onozing'ono zam'mwamba zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, zimayang'ana pakupeza phindu lomwe angakhale nalo kwa nyama. M'nkhani yake, wofufuzayo akuyerekeza kuti zida za T. rex 'zinaphwanyidwa' pofuna kupewa kudulidwa mwangozi kapena mwadala pamene gulu la tyrannosaurs linagwera pa nyama ndi mitu yawo yaikulu ndi mano ophwanya mafupa.
Mwachitsanzo, T. rex ya mamita 13, yokhala ndi chigaza chautali wa mita 1,5, inali ndi mikono yaitali kuposa 90 centimita. Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito milingo imeneyi kwa munthu wamtali mamita 1,80, manja ake sangapime masentimita 13.
kupewa kulumidwa
“Kodi chingachitike n’chiyani ngati ankhanza akuluakulu angapo atasonkhana mozungulira mtembo? Padian zodabwitsa. Tikanakhala ndi phiri la zigaza zazikulu, zokhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri ndi mano ong'ambika ndi kutafuna mnofu ndi fupa pafupi ndi mzake. Nanga bwanji ngati mmodzi akuganiza kuti mnzakeyo akuyandikira kwambiri? Ikhoza kumuchenjeza kuti asachoke podula mkono wake. Chifukwa chake kuchepetsa miyendo yakutsogolo ikhoza kukhala phindu lalikulu, kungoti sizidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama. "
Chilonda chachikulu chapangitsa kuti munthu alumidwe ndi matenda, kutuluka magazi, kugwedezeka, ndipo pamapeto pake imfa. Pakafukufuku wake, Padian akunena kuti makolo a tyrannosaurs anali ndi mikono yayitali, choncho kuchepetsa kukula kwawo kuyenera kukhala chifukwa chabwino. Kuwonjezera apo, kuchepetsa kumeneku sikunakhudze T. rex yekha, yemwe ankakhala ku North America, komanso ma dinosaurs ena akuluakulu odya nyama omwe ankakhala ku Africa, South America, Europe ndi Asia mu nthawi zosiyana za Cretaceous, zina mwazo zazikulu kuposa Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa Padian, malingaliro onse pankhani imeneyi omwe aperekedwa mpaka pano “sanayesedwe kapena zosatheka chifukwa sangagwire ntchito. Ndipo palibe lingaliro lomwe limafotokoza chifukwa chake mikono imatha kukhala yaying'ono. Muzochitika zonse, ntchito zomwe zaperekedwazi zikadakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri zikadapanda kuchepetsedwa kuziwona ngati zida. ”
Ankasaka m'matumba
Lingaliro lomwe linaperekedwa mu phunziro lake linachitika kwa wofufuzayo pamene akatswiri ena a paleontologist anapeza umboni wakuti T.rex sanali mlenje yekha, monga momwe amayembekezera, koma nthawi zambiri ankasaka m'matumba.
Zopezedwa zingapo zazikulu zamasamba Pazaka 20 zapitazi, Padian akufotokoza, akuwonetsa achikulire ndi achichepere amtundu wa tyrannosaurs. “Zoonadi—akunena kuti—sitinganene kuti ankakhala limodzi kapenanso kuti anaonekera pamodzi. Timangodziwa kuti anakwiriridwa limodzi. Koma malo angapo akapezeka komwe chinthu chomwecho chimachitika, chizindikirocho chimakhala champhamvu. Ndipo kuthekera, komwe ofufuza ena adakweza kale, ndikuti anali kusaka gulu.
M’kafukufuku wake, katswiri wina wofufuza zinthu zakale wa ku Berkeley anafufuza ndi kutaya njira imodzi ndi imodzi yothetsera vuto lomwe laperekedwa mpaka pano. "Mwachidule -amafotokoza- mikono ndi yayifupi kwambiri. Sangakhudze wina ndi mzake, sangathe kufika pakamwa pawo, ndipo kuyenda kwawo kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kutambasula kutali kwambiri, kutsogolo kapena mmwamba. Mutu waukulu ndi khosi zili patsogolo pawo ndikupanga makina akupha omwe tidawona ku Jurassic Park. " Zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, gulu la akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale lidasanthula zida zomwe zidabzalidwa pamenepo ndi malingaliro akuti T. rex akanatha kukweza nawo pafupifupi 181 kg. "Koma chinthucho," akutero Padians, "ndicho kuti sunafike pafupi ndi chilichonse kuti utenge."
ma analogies amakono
Lingaliro la Padian lili ndi zofananira ndi nyama zenizeni, monga chinjoka chachikulu cha ku Indonesia Komodo, chomwe chimasaka m'magulu ndipo, pambuyo pakupha nyama, zitsanzo zazikuluzikulu zidalumphira pamenepo ndikusiya zotsalira zazing'ono. Mucikozyanyo, tacili cintu cimwi ncotukonzya kwiiya kujatikizya makani aaya. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi ng’ona. Kwa Padian, zochitika zomwezo zikanatha kusewera ndi T. rex ndi mabanja ena a tyrannosaurs mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo.
Komabe, Padian mwiniwake amavomereza kuti sikungatheke kuyesa malingaliro ake, ngakhale kuti angapeze mgwirizano ngati atayang'ana zitsanzo zonse za T. rex m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha zizindikiro zoluma. "Mabala oluma ku chigaza ndi mbali zina za mafupa - iye akufotokoza - amadziwika bwino mu tyrannosaurs ndi ma dinosaurs odya nyama. Ngati mutapeza zizindikiro zochepa za kuluma pamiyendo yosweka, zikhoza kukhala chizindikiro chakuti shrunken ndi yochepa kukula kwake."
