He hihia ia e kūʻē ai ka ʻepekema i ka noʻonoʻo a ʻo ia hoʻi. A i loko o ka moʻolelo o ka ʻepekema ʻike mākou i nā kāhuna he nui, i nā kenekulia, pili i nā haʻawina kūpono loa i ka holomua ʻepekema.
ʻOiaʻiʻo inā hoʻohui mākou i ka ʻepekema a me ka hoʻomana ʻo kekahi o nā helu mua i ʻike ʻia i loko o ko mākou mau manaʻo ʻo Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). Ua noho kēia friar Austrian Augustinian i ke kenekulia XNUMX a wehewehe i nā kānāwai kumu o ka genetics. ʻO kāna mau haʻawina kaulana me ka pī ma kēia kahua ʻepekema.
ʻO Franciscan, akā kaulana like, ʻo ia ʻo Roger Bacon (1214-1294), ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea mua o ke ʻano ʻepekema a nona ka huaʻōlelo: "ʻo ka makemakika ka puka a me ke kī o ka ʻepekema āpau."
ʻO Nicholas Copernicus (1475-1543), kekahi o nā mākua o ka ʻike hōkū o kēia wā, he hoʻomana hoʻi ia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka canon o ka mokuna o Frombork, kahi noho o ka Bihopa o Warmia, ma Polani i kēia manawa.
Ua aie mākou iā ia i ke kumumanaʻo heliocentric, e like me ka mea e hoʻopuni ai nā hokele a puni ka lā, a i ʻike ʻia ma kāna puke 'Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium' (1543). ʻOiai ʻo nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole ʻo Copernicus ka mea mua i hōʻoia i ka huli ʻana o ka Honua a puni ka lā, ua noi ʻo Aristarchus iā ia ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani mau makahiki ma mua, akā ʻo ia ka mea mua i hōʻike me ka helu makemakika.
Mai ka Big Bang a i ka follicle ovarian
Malia paha i ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻo ka mea nāna i hana i ka manaʻo Big Bang he kahuna Belgian a he lālā o ka ʻohana Les amis de Jesús. ʻO kāna helu ʻo Georges Lemaitre (1894-1966) a ʻo kāna kōkua nui i ke kaiāulu ʻepekema ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma laila kahi kumu.
Ua ʻike kekahi mōneka Farani, ʻo Marin Mersenne (1588-1648), ua pāhola ka leo i ka wikiwiki like, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kumu o ke kumu a me ke ala i laha ai. ʻO kāna haʻawina nui, ʻo ia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka manaʻo 'kaiāulu ʻepekema', ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻike e pono ai ka ʻike a me nā mea i ʻike ʻia e 'circulate' a kaʻana like. A, e like me ka mea e kahaha ai iā mākou, ʻaʻole i mau kēia manaʻo i waena o nā kānaka ʻepekema.
ʻO René Just Haüy (1743-1822) he kanaka Pelekāne a he kahuna hoʻi, he mineralogist i kēia manawa i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka makua kāne o ka crystallography. Ua komo pū kēia canon o Notre Dame me Lavoisier a me nā haumāna ʻē aʻe i ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana metric.
ʻO ke kahunapule, ka luna haipule a me ka pīhopa kekahi o nā kūlana i paʻa e ka mea ʻepekema Denemaka ʻo Nicolás Steno (1638-1686). Eia kekahi ma ke ʻano he geologist, he anatomist nui, ʻo kāna helu mua e nānā i ka follicle ovarian, e wehewehe i ka conduction e hoʻomaka ana mai ka parotic gland - ductus Stenonianus - a aʻo i kahi malformation cardiac i manaʻo ʻia he tetralogy o Fallot.
ʻO ke kahuna ʻo Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) he kanaka ʻepekema hoʻi, a kokoke e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa iā lākou iho, kokoke i ʻelua haneli mau makahiki ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi kanaka ʻepekema i ka ultrasound. Kaulana kāna haʻawina me ʻelima mau ʻōpeʻa, ua wehe ʻia kona mau maka a hoʻokuʻu ʻia; I kona hoʻi ʻana mai i kekahi o nā lā ma hope mai, ʻike ʻo ia i ka ʻike ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi i nā iniseti a ola, no laila ua kuhi ʻo ia ua hoʻokele kēia mau mammals iā lākou iho ma o ka lohe ʻana.
Kahuna, ʻepekema a me Spaniards
Ma ko mākou ʻāina hānau kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā kāhuna ʻepekema. ʻO ke kahuna pule Benedictine Rosendo Salvado Rotea (1814-1900) kahi mea aloha nui i ka lāʻau. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia kanaka haipule, ma waena o nā pono ʻē aʻe, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka eucalyptus ma Galicia.
ʻO José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio (1732-1808) ka mea i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia, he kahuna cadet, a ʻo ia hoʻi he botanist, makemakika, geographer a me ke kauka i hōkū ma kahi huakaʻi i Kolombia (1783-1816). I kona hoʻi ʻana i ka peninsula, ua hana ʻo ia i kahi palapala hoʻohiwahiwa me ka ʻoi aku o 6.600 kiʻi o nā mea kanu.
"Ke hilinaʻi nui nei ke olakino o ke kino i ka ʻuhane," i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa, ʻo Brother Tomás de Berlanga (1487-1551), ka mea ʻike i nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos a me ka mea hoʻolālā o ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā ʻo ka meaʻai Mediterranean.
He kanaka lapaʻau ʻo Pedro Gargantilla ma El Escorial Hospital (Madrid) a me ka mea kākau o kekahi mau puke kaulana.
