ʻO kekahi o nā hale kupapaʻu koʻikoʻi o ka honua aia ma Paris a kipa ʻia e nā miliona o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi, ʻo ia ka hale kupapaʻu ʻo Pére-Lachaise. He mau haneli ka poʻe kaulana mai nā kihi a pau o ka honua e hiamoe mau loa ma laila.
Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma mua o 70.000 mau lua kupapaʻu, catacombs, mausoleums a me nā monuments hoʻolewa. Ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona hanohano e hoʻomaha ana ma laila, no ka laʻana, ʻo Jim Morrison, Honoré de Balzac, Eugene Delacroix, Frederick Chopin a i ʻole Jean-Francois Champollion. Akā, ma laila mākou e ʻike ai i nā kiʻi nui i ka mōʻaukala ʻepekema.
ʻO ka mea nāna i hana i ka mākaʻi ʻepekema.
I ka makahiki 1853, ua hānau ʻia ʻo Alphonse Bertillón ma ke kapikala ʻo Farani, he ʻano nāna e hoʻolilo ʻia ma ke ʻano he poʻokela o nā mākaʻi Parisian. Ua iho ʻo ia i ka mōʻaukala no ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana helu anthropometric o ke kōkua waiwai nui i ka ʻike ʻana i nā lawehala.
ʻO Bertillonage, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ana ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā moʻolelo iwi ʻelima: ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo, ka laula o ke poʻo, ka lōʻihi o ka manamana lima hema, ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae hema a me ka lōʻihi o ka lima hema.
Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau ana, manaʻo ʻo Bertillón e hoʻopaʻa i ke kala o ka iris, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana me nā puaʻa ʻehiku (uliuli, melemele, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele ʻoniʻoni a me ka ʻeleʻele maʻemaʻe). ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia ʻano hana i hana ai ʻo Alphonse Bertillón i kekahi o nā koa o ka mākaʻi ʻepekema.
E hoʻomaha ana ma Pére-Lachaise ʻo Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1803-1857), ke kaikunāne o Emperor Bonaparte a ʻo kekahi o nā ornithologists Farani maikaʻi loa o ke kenekulia 1822. I ka makahiki XNUMX, ua huakaʻi ʻo ia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a i ka wā i hōʻiliʻili ai ʻo ia i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi ʻano petrel hou, i kapa ʻia ʻo Wilson's number (Oceanites oceanicus), no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ke kanaka ornithologist ʻAmelika ʻo Alexander Wilson. Ua aie no hoi makou ia Bonaparte i ka wehewehe mua ana o ka pua nunu Zenaida.
I loko o ka puke 'The Count of Monte Cristo' -na Alexander Dumas- he kuleana kūpono kona a me ka telegraph optical, he ʻōnaehana telecommunications mediate a ʻo ka helu kipi i loaʻa i ka mea hoʻohana ʻole e hoʻouna i kahi leka hoʻopunipuni. ʻO Claude Chappe (1763-1805) ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i kēia ʻōnaehana, he ʻenekinia Farani e hoʻomaha ana ma ka mahele 29 o ka hale kupapaʻu o Parisa.
ʻAʻohe mea kemika a kino paha
ʻO Baron de Cuvier, ʻo Georges Léopold Chrétien Fréderic Dagobert Cuvier (1769-1832) ka mea ʻepekema mua i manaʻo i ka pau ʻana o nā dinosaur ma muli o kahi pōʻino kūlohelohe. He kanaka paleontologist akamai kēia ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a he kākoʻo koʻikoʻi o ka anatomy comparative. Kokoke ko mākou mau hale ʻaina iā Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1827), ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi o nā physicists Pére-Lachaise kaulana i kōkua nui i ke kumumanaʻo nalu o ka mālamalama.
ʻAʻohe hapa o ka poʻe chemists i loko o nā pā ilina, e like me Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) a ʻo Pierre Louis Dulong (1792-1834). ʻO ka mea mua i hoʻokumu i ke kānāwai e like me ka hoʻonui like ʻana o ke kinoea i kona wela piha inā mau ke kaomi mau a piʻi like ia inā mau ke kaomi.
Ma kāna ʻaoʻao, ua ʻike ʻo Dulong i ka makahiki 1813 i ke ʻano o ka nitrogen trichloride, kahi pūhui pahū nui e lilo ai ke kumu o ka nalowale o kekahi o kona mau maka a me ka hiki ʻole o ka lima. ʻO kēia chemist ka mea mua i wehewehe i ka pilina ma waena o ka calorie kikoʻī a me ke kaumaha atomika o kahi mea.
Hiki i nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i kēia hale kupapaʻu nani ke hoʻohanohano inā makemake lākou iā Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), ka mea nāna i hana homeopathy, aia ʻo Abbé René Just Haüy (1743-1822), ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka homeopathy. crystallography. .
Mr Jara
He kanaka lapaʻau ʻo Pedro Gargantilla ma El Escorial Hospital (Madrid) a me ka mea kākau o kekahi mau puke kaulana.
