ʻO ka ʻelemakule kahi kaʻina physiological i wehewehe ʻia e ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā loli maikaʻi ʻole i hana ʻia i loko o nā cell a me nā kiko. ʻO nā holomua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ko mākou ola. Akā, ua hoʻonui lākou i ka nui o nā maʻi pili makahiki.
Nui nā manaʻo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka manaʻo e wehewehe i kēia kaʻina hana a, ʻo ka mea ʻole, e ʻike pehea e lohi ai. Ma kēia manaʻo, he hoihoi koʻikoʻi ko ke kanaka ma ke ʻano nui a me ke kaiāulu ʻepekema i ka ʻike i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpio mau loa o nā kenekulia.
ʻAi liʻiliʻi e ola hou aku
Ma kēia hiʻohiʻona, ʻo ka palena caloric ka hana i hōʻike ʻia he mea maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ke ola o nā mea ola like ʻole.
Aia kēia hana i ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka caloric intake (ma waena o 20 a me 40% o ka caloric intake), akā e uhi ana i nā pono o nā meaʻai a pau (me kaʻole o kaʻaiʻole).
No laila, ua hōʻike ʻia he mea maikaʻi ka palena o ka caloric i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola o nā nalo, nā ʻiole a me nā monkey.
Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka laulā o ka laʻana i aʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka hopena o ka palena caloric i ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o ka mokupuni ʻo Iapana o Okinawa.
Ma keia hihia, no ka noonoo ana i na kumu kupono e hoapono ai i ka nui o na kanaka keneta e noho ana ma keia pae aina, ua ikeia he mau ano kiko'i ko ka ai o keia poe. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili epidemiological e ola maoli kēia kanaka me ka palena caloric ma waena o 10 a 15%. ʻO kēia ʻano meaʻai e hōʻoia i ka lōʻihi o ke ola a me ka haʻahaʻa o nā maʻi maʻamau o ka ʻelemakule i ulu i kēia poʻe.
Akā, no ke aha? E pili ana i nā hana e pili ana i nā hopena o ka palena o ka caloric i ka lōʻihi, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hana e hana i kahi "metabolic adaptation".
Hoʻopuka kēia hoʻololi ʻana i ka helu metabolic haʻahaʻa (ʻo ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka manawa i ka hoʻomaha), kahi hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻolilo ikehu ma ka hoʻomaha a me ka hana haʻahaʻa o nā ʻano oxygen reactive. ʻO kēia, ma ka huli, pili i ka liʻiliʻi o ka pōʻino oxidative i loko o nā kino a me nā ʻiʻo.
Pēlā nō, hoʻolalelale ka caloric i ka autophagy, kahi kaʻina i hoʻopau ʻia ai nā protein kīnā ʻole, nā ʻāpana, a me nā aggregates mai ka cytoplasm, e pale ana i ka hana o ka cell.
E ʻai liʻiliʻi i mea e ola maikaʻi ai
Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palena o ka calorie ma mua o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ke ola. ʻO ka hope, ua wehewehe ʻia e hoʻopuka kēia hana i nā hopena maikaʻi i nā hihia metabolic like ʻole a paipai i ka ʻelemakule "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi".
Ma keia hihia, no ka mea, ua maopopo ka caloric kaohi ana e oi loa aku ka pono i ka poe me ka obesity. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻopuka lākou i nā pōmaikaʻi ma ka pae metabolic i nā kumuhana me ke olakino ʻole a i ʻole ka momona.
No ka laʻana, kōkua i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha o ke kino (ma ke ʻano nui o ka momona), e hoʻemi i nā pae kaʻapuni o nā intermediates pro-inflammatory (e like me ka tumor necrosis factor α), a me nā pae koko o ka glucose, triglycerides, a me ka cholesterol, a me ke koko. . Paʻi
Pēlā nō, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ka palena o ka caloric e hōʻemi i ka mumū o ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena, kahi kaʻina hana i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi neurodegenerative.
Hoʻopili ʻia kēia hopena, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka glucose koko a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā pae o nā huahana hope glycation kiʻekiʻe, hoʻonui i ka hana parasympathetic a i ʻole ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā ala hōʻailona anti-inflammatory.
No kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe, no ka mea, hoʻololi ka palena o ka caloric i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka microbiota intestinal (hoʻonui ʻia i loko o nā hua bacteria maikaʻi), ka mea i hoʻokō e hoʻēmi i ka neurodegeneration. Ma kēia ʻano, hoʻopili ka axis gut-brain i kahi hopena neuroprotective o ka palena o ka caloric ma o nā neuroendocrine a me nā ala kūlohelohe.
No laila, ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka microbiota i loaʻa mai ka palena caloric o ka wahi i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana o nā neurotransmitters a me kā lākou precursors (e like me serotonin a me tryptophan) a me nā metabolites microbial (e like me ka pōkole-chain fatty acids) i ka wā i lanakila ai ka pale. hematoencephalic, he hopena neuroprotective.
E hoʻomaka ana mai ka hana maikaʻi ʻole, pono e ʻike pololei ʻia ka microbiota ʻōpū i loko o ka lolo ma o nā aʻalolo, kahi i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka ʻāʻī ma ka pae lolo, a me ka pane ʻana i ke kaumaha a me ke ʻano. .
He aha inā inā loaʻa nā pūhui me nā hopena like me ka palena o ka calorie?
Ke kaupaona nei i nā hōʻike ʻepekema e pili ana i nā pono o ka palena caloric ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole kaulana loa kēia mau ʻano hana a he haʻahaʻa wale nō.
No laila, i kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ke pi'i nui nei ka mana'o o ka "calorie restriction mimetics". He papa ia o nā molekala a i ʻole nā pūhui, ma ke kumu, e hoʻohālike i nā hopena anti-kahiko o ka kaohi ʻana i ka calorie i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.
Hoʻoulu kēia mau molekala i nā hopena e like me nā huahana o ka palena caloric (ka nui o ka protein deacetylation a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka autophagy), me ka ʻole o ka pono e hōʻemi i ka ʻai caloric.
Aia nā mimetics o ka palena o ka calorie maoli, i waena o nā polyphenols (e like me resveratrol), polyamines (e like me spermidine) a i ʻole nā lāʻau anti-inflammatory non-steroidal (e like me ka acetylsalicylic acid).
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka synthetic calorie restriction mimetics a ua hōʻike ʻia he maikaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha o ke kino a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka insulin resistance i nā raccoons genetic obese.
Ke hana nui nei kēia mau molekala ma ke kāohi ʻana i ke ala protein PI3K, ka mea e hoʻāla ai i ka hana anabolic a me ka hōʻiliʻili meaʻai (ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe). E ʻike ʻia inā paʻa nā hopena hoʻohiki i hōʻike ʻia i nā holoholona i loko o ke kanaka.
I ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i kēia manawa, maopopo ia, ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻolana o ke ola a ʻaʻole paha, hiki i ka palena o ka calorie ke kōkua iā mākou e ola a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka makahiki. Eia hou, hiki i ka holomua mau ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mimetics palena calorie ke kōkua i ka lawe ʻana i nā pono o kēia hana i nā poʻe he nui.
Inaki Milton Laskibar
Mea noiʻi Postdoctoral i ka Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, IMDEA Food. Mea noiʻi ma ka Center for Biomedical Research in the Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Network (CiberObn), University of the Basque Country / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
Laura Isabel Arellano Garcia
Haumāna Nutrition and Health, University of the Basque Country / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
Mary Puy Portillo
Polofesa o ka Nutrition. Center for Biomedical Research in the Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Network (CIBERobn), University of the Basque Country / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea.
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