Ma waena o ka hāʻule ʻana o ke aupuni o nā Tsars, i ka makahiki 1917, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka Soviet Union, i ka makahiki 1991, ua hala nā makahiki he kanahikukūmāhā o ka mōʻaukala. I loko o kēia wā lōʻihi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hopena o ka USSR, mai nā Urals a i nā ala o Central Asia, a me nā palena o Siberia, e hoʻokahi alakaʻi. ʻO ka poʻe ma Malaki 11, 1985 i hoʻonoho iā Mikhail Gorbachev (Privolnoie 1931) i ka piko o ka mana, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ke koho ʻana i ke Kakauolelo Nui hope loa o ka Soviet Communist Party. I ka makahiki 54, ʻo ia ka lālā ʻōpio loa o ka Politburo a, i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka manawa, he moho kūlohelohe e kūleʻa i ka ʻelemakule Konstantin Chernienko. I kekahi mau mahina ma mua, i ka makahiki 1984, ua hana ʻo ia i kahi huakaʻi honua ma ke ʻano he hōʻike. ʻO ka wikiwiki a me ka hauʻoli i hoʻokipa ʻia e nā alakaʻi o ke Komohana a pau i kona hōʻea ʻana i ka piko e hōʻike ana i ko lākou puʻuwai. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he aʻo aʻoaʻo, ʻo Gorbachev he komunista i manaʻoʻiʻo i nā kumu kumu o ka manaʻo socialist, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻomau i kāna kūpaʻa. Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia kāna hoʻāʻo e hoʻololi i kahi ʻōnaehana stagnant. Ma muli o ka manaʻoʻiʻo a i ʻole no ka pono, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna kau ʻana ua hāpai ʻo ia i ka launa pū me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka piko me Reagan ma Geneva, i Nowemapa 1985, ua hāʻawi ʻia i ka détente. ʻO ke aniau hou i hiki ai ke hōʻemi i nā mea kaua nuklea, a me ka hoʻoheheʻe honua. Hoʻomaopopo ka mōʻaukala i kāna kuleana i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Wall Berlin, a ma ka 1989 nonviolent transformations ma Central a me ʻEulopa Hikina: hiki iā ia ke hana i ke ʻano Soviet, e like me ka Hungarian (1956) a me Czechoslovakian (1968), a ua koho ʻo ia e hana. e hahai na kanaka i ko lakou ala me ke kuokoa. ʻO ke kuleana koʻikoʻi o Gorbachev i kēlā mau hanana ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e kekahi protagonist nui: ʻo John Paul II. Hoʻolaʻa i kaʻu thesis ma Political Science i ka nānā ʻana i ka mana o ka makua Slavic mua i kēia mau hoʻololi, a ua ʻae ʻo Gorbachev i kaʻu kono e kākau i ka hōʻike o ka puke. I kēlā mau makahiki, nīnau pilikino lākou iaʻu me koʻu kua, me kā lākou kumukūʻai like. Ua mahalo mau 'o Gorbachev iā John Paul II ma kāna mau palapala 'āina āna i kākau mai ai ia'u me kona ho'oikaika 'ana. He mau mahina ma mua o ka make ʻana o John Paul II, ua haʻi ʻo ia i kona manaʻo no Wojtyla: "he hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kālai'āina nui o kēia wā e ʻimi pono nei e lanakila i ka lanakila: ʻo ka hanohano o ke kanaka ke kuhikuhi o nā hana a pau o ke kanaka" (ʻOkakopa. 27, 2004). Ma hope o ko lākou hālāwai mua ʻana ma ka Vatican, i ka lā 1 o Dekemaba, 1989, ua ala mai kahi ʻano o ka mahalo a me ka mahalo. ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, e hoʻomanaʻo ana ka mea haʻiʻōlelo ʻo Navarro-Valls, ma waena o nā hālāwai a pau āna i hana ai i kāna pontificate 27 makahiki, "ʻo kekahi o nā mea a Karol Wojtyla i makemake nui ai ʻo ia ka mea i loaʻa iā ia me Mikhail Gorbachev." I kēlā lā, ua haʻi ka mea haʻiʻōlelo iā John Paul II i kona manaʻo iā Gorbachev: "he kanaka o nā loina," i pane aku ai ka Pope, "he kanaka i manaʻoʻiʻo nui i kāna mau waiwai a makemake ʻo ia e ʻae i nā hopena āpau e kū mai ana. ." He aha ka mea i maʻalahi i ka pilina ma waena o nā pilikino ʻelua? No ke alakaʻi hope loa i manaʻo ʻia, aia ke kī i ka mōʻaukala a me ka ʻāina: he mau kauā lāua. "I ka wā mua," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Gorbachev ma hope o ka make ʻana o John Paul II, "e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka Slavic ka Makua Hemolele, a me kona mahalo i ka Soviet Union hou, me he mea lā ua hoʻohana mākou i nā minuke 10 mua wale nō a kamaʻilio lāua ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkini. ” Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Wojtyla iā ia iho no ke kamaʻilio ʻana, me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Lūkini: "Ua hoʻonui au i koʻu ʻike no ka hanana," i ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaka. Ua hoʻopūʻiwa ʻia nā kauā ʻelua i kēlā kamaʻilio ʻana ma ka Hale Waihona Puke o ka Hale Aliʻi Apostolic. Pīhoihoi lākou i ke kani ʻana i puka mai ma ke ʻano hana tanning kūlohelohe. "I ka wā i hoʻohanaʻia ai ka hālāwai, i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā makahiki ma hope o Gorbachev, ua haʻi aku au i ka Pope e loaʻa pinepine nā hua'ōlelo like a like paha i loko o kaʻu mau'ōlelo a me kāna." Me ka poino ole. ʻO ka nui o ka coincidence he hōʻailona i loaʻa "kekahi mea maʻamau ma ke kumu, i ko mākou mau manaʻo." ʻO ka hālāwai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi pilina kūikawā ma waena o nā ʻano pilikino ʻelua, ma kahi mamao loa. "Manaʻo wau e hiki iaʻu ke ʻōlelo pololei i loko o ia mau makahiki ua lilo mākou i mau hoaaloha," i kākau ai ʻo Gorbachev ma ka makahiki o John Paul II. Ma Mei 18, 2020, i ka manawa o ka makahiki o kona hānau ʻana ma Wadowice, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Gorbachev i kāna hoaaloha me kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma LʻOsservatore Romano, kahi āna i hoʻomanaʻo ai i ke kūlana paʻakikī i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX: " I nā makahiki o perestroika a ma hope mai ua loaʻa iaʻu ka manawa e hālāwai ai me nā poʻe koʻikoʻi, i waena o lākou i ʻike ai i kekahi mau moʻolelo maoli. Akā i waena o lākou, he liʻiliʻi wale nō i waiho i kahi hōʻailona maopopo loa i koʻu hoʻomanaʻo ʻana e like me kāna Holi Pope John Paul II. " Ua hoʻopau ka pelekikena hope loa o ka USSR me kahi leka: "Inā, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua anuanu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka politika honua i kēlā thesis [o ka waiho ʻana i ke kanaka ma ke kikowaena], inā ua kokoke mai ka politika a hoʻoikaika i ka pono. hiki ke pale ʻia nā hewa he nui a me nā hāʻule ʻole, ka mea i uku nui i ka honua i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻO nā coincidences o ka mōʻaukala ʻo ia ka puke liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe ma ka 'The forging of a friends at the end of the Cold War: John Paul II and Gorbachev', i paʻi ʻia ma ka hopena o Iulai, ma mua o ka make ʻana o ka mea hope i nā pule ʻehā wale nō. . alakaʻi USSR. Ua noho mua ʻo Mijaíl Gorbachev, me kāna hoa ʻo John Paul II, i kona wahi kūpono i ka mōʻaukala o ke kenekulia XNUMX. NO KA MEA KAKAU ʻO José R. ʻO GARITAGOITIA PhD i ka ʻepekema Political a me ke Kānāwai Aupuni Aupuni.
