Labarin nasarar da Mutanen Espanya suka samu a yakin Bailén, ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1808, ya bazu kamar wutar daji. Kwana guda bayan haka, jita-jita ta riga ta isa Seville. An tabbatar da shi a ranar 22 ga Pedro Agustín Giron, ɗan'uwan jarumin yaƙi: Janar Castaños. Hukumar gundumar ta fara shirya kowane irin bukukuwa da sauri, kamar yadda ɗan jarida José María Blanco White ya rubuta: “Na zo nan da nan don in ga irin farin ciki marar iyaka da cin nasara da sojojin Dupont suka yi a wannan birni. A ko'ina sai an yi ta murna da karar kararrawa na Giralda. "
Daga baya ya bazu zuwa duk sassan Spain da Amurka: Murcia, Zaragoza, Mallorca ko Badajoz, har zuwa Caracas da Mexico City.
A dai-dai lokacin ne wata tatsuniya ta fara wanzuwa wadda ba a ko da yaushe a fayyace layi tsakanin gaskiya da almara. Da farko ya kasance saboda farfaganda, wanda kuma wani makamin rikici ne. Jaridu na cikin gida da na waje, sun yi amfani da wannan aiki, wanda ya sake haifar da dangantakar da Castaños ya yi a duk Turai tun lokacin da aka san Janar Dupont.
Kamar yadda Ricardo García Cárcel ya tabbatar a cikin 'Mafarkin al'ummar da ba ta da ƙarfi. Tatsuniyoyi na Yaƙin Independence' (Temas de Hoy, 2008), an haifi tatsuniyoyi, haɓaka, mutu kuma ana ta da su. Wannan shine ainihin abin da ya faru da wannan yaƙin a cikin 1898, in ji Antonio Jesús Maldonado a cikin labarinsa 'Tatsuniyar Bailén lokacin Yaƙin Cuba' (2019):
"Farkon rikicin Hispanic-Cuba don neman 'yancin kan Ileña da kuma shiga tsakani na Amurka na gaba zai farfado da abubuwan da suka faru a Spain shekaru tara da suka wuce. Ƙasar mahaifa ta sake shiga cikin haɗari kuma 'yan jarida sun ji cewa babban kayan aiki don fita daga cikin kuncin da kasarmu ta samu kanta a ciki shine tarihi. Ta wannan hanyar, za su koma ga manyan sojojin Spain: Navas de Tolosa, Pavia, San Quintín, Zaragoza, Gerona, Vitoria da kuma, ba shakka, Bailén”.
Burin Napoleon
A cikin wannan niyya don sa ayyukanmu su haskaka don mika wuya ga ruhin kasar, an fara sayar da bataliyar Bailén a matsayin na farko da sojojin babban sarki Napoleon suka yi nasara da kuma mika wuya na farko na wani Janar na Ingila tun bayan yakin Alexandria a 1901 na tarihi: daya Cádiz da sauran Barcelona.
Na farko shi ne yakin Poza de Santa Isabel da na biyu, yakin Bruch, wanda dukansu suka yi wata guda kafin wanda Janar Castaños ya yi a garin Jaén. Duk da wannan, har yanzu yana da sauƙi a sami kanun labarai masu zuwa akan Google: 'Yaƙin Bailen, shan kashi na farko na sojojin Napoleon' da 'Bailén, rashin nasara na farko na sojojin Napoleon', da sauransu.
Sarkin Gallic ya kuduri aniyar cin nasara a Turai ya kuma fatattaki babban makiyin Daularsa, Biritaniya. Don cimma hakan, ya yi nasarar rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fontainebleau a shekara ta 1807 tare da Manuel Godoy, firaministan Spain kuma wanda ya fi so Charles IV. Da wannan, ya sami izini daga Sarkin ya tsallaka Spain da sojoji fiye da 100.000. Manufar ita ce, don mamaye Portugal, amma yayin da yake wucewa ta cikin tsibirin ya mamaye kusan dukkanin garuruwan da ya samu a hanyarsa, ciki har da Madrid.
yakin da aka manta
Shahararrun tawayen sun fara kuma Spain ta kira 'yan kasarta. Gwamnati ta yi nasarar tattara mazaje 30.000, yawancinsu 'yan bindiga ne wadanda ba su da kwarewa a yaki. Wannan shi ne yadda abubuwa suka kasance a makon farko na Yuni 1808, watan kafin Janar Castaños da Janar Dupont su hadu a Bailén. Shekara guda da ta wuce, ɗan tarihi Lourdes Márquez Carmona ya shaida wa ABC cewa, duk da cewa ta fito daga Cádiz, amma ba ta san wanzuwar yaƙin Poza de Santa Isabel ba tsakanin 9 zuwa 14 ga Yuni, 1808, a cikin wani tsohon makami a bakin ruwa da ke gaba. na arsenal na La Carraca, a Puerto Real.
“Abin mamaki ne cewa masana tarihi ba su ba shi isasshen kulawa ba kuma ba zan iya gaya muku dalilin da ya sa ba, da gaske, saboda yana da mahimmanci. Lokacin da ya ce Napoleon ya sha kashi na farko a yakin Independence a Bailén, a cikin Yuli 1808, ba gaskiya ba ne. A nan ne, wata daya kafin, lokacin da Admiral Rosily na Ingila ya mika wuya ga Andalusians", ya tabbatar.
Márquez Carmona ya yarda cewa wani lamari ne kwatsam, lokacin da babban jikan Michel Maffiotte - wani matukin jirgin ruwa na Faransa wanda ya halarci shugaban jirgin Indomptable a wannan yakin tare da shugaban tawagar Faransa, Admiral Rosily - ya kawo. shi labarin kakan kakansa da ba a buga ba: 'Bad design. Tarihin Michel Maffiotte. The gunsmith Maffiotte'. Da yake jan zaren, masanin tarihin Cádiz ya kuma ceto tarihin jahilci na gidajen yarin da aka kafa a Cádiz, a shekara ta 1808, inda nisan kilomita na fursunonin Faransa na wannan arangama suka yi cunkuso.
“Wannan lamari ne da ba a san shi ba. Gaskiya ne cewa, a cikin 1987, Admiral Enrique Barbudo Duarte ya buga ƙaramin littafi game da wannan yaƙin, amma takaddun da ya yi amfani da shi don samun bayanansa sun riga sun ƙone a cikin wuta a Taskar Naval na San Fernando a watan Agusta 1976 ", ya tuna Carmona. , mai hankali da cewa arangama tsakanin ragowar 'yan Spain da aka kashe da ke cikin teku, da goyon bayan sojojin ƙasa, da kuma tawagar Rosily da ke bakin tekun Real Isla de León, a cikin Poza de Santa Isabel.
fursunoni 3.500
Mutanen Cadiz sun kosa da labarin da ke fitowa daga Madrid, birni ne da sojojin Napoleon suka mamaye. Ko da yake sarki ya rantse wa manyan sojojinsa cewa mamayewar Spain zai zama "wasan yara", a cikin Poza de Santa Isabel ya sami darasi na farko da gargaɗinsa na farko. “Gaskiya ce bataliyar Bailén tana da ƙarfi sosai, amma an kama jiragen ruwa biyar na layin da wani jirgin ruwa a Tekun Cádiz, waɗanda aka haɗa da sojojin ruwan Spain kuma an kama fursunoni fiye da 3.500,” in ji ɗan tarihin.
Shekaru uku kafin yakin 'Yancin kai ya barke, Admiral Villeneuve ne ke jagorantar tawagar hadaka tsakanin Mutanen Espanya da Faransa a gabar tekun Cadiz, wadanda suke kawance da abokai a lokacin, amma lokacin da ya gano cewa zai sami sauki daga gare shi. Rosily ya tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa don shiga sojojin Birtaniya na Nelson kuma ya sha wahala mai tsanani. Bayan bala'in, jiragen ruwa guda biyar ne kawai na layin da jirgin ruwan Faransa mai tutar Faransa suka rage a bakin teku, da kuma 'yan wasan Spain da aka yanke a karkashin umarnin Don Juan Ruiz de Apodaca.
A ƙarshe Rosily ya isa Cádiz a shekara ta 1805, inda ya ɗauki kwamandan rundunar da aka kashe. Rashin takaici ya yi mulki a zukatan mutanen da suka sha wahala da yawa tun lokacin da Villeneuve ya yi kuskuren yanke shawara don kawo harin da aka kai wa Nelson duk da umarnin Bonaparte akasin haka. Har ila yau Ingilishi - har yanzu abokan gaba - ba su iya barin bakin teku ba saboda shingen Ingilishi na Admiral Purvis da jiragensa 12. Hakan ya tilastawa rundunar Rosily ta zama ɗan gudun hijira har tsawon shekaru uku. “A lokacin, cikin nutsuwa suka bar kwale-kwalen, suka gana da mutanen Cadiz,” in ji masanin tarihin.
Lokacin da aka fara Yaƙin ƴancin kai, daga wannan rana zuwa gaba, sun tashi daga abota zuwa abokan gaba. Mutanen Cadiz ba su yi ikirarin yadda ba su mika wuya ga turawan Ingila ba bayan labarin tashin hankalin da aka yi a Madrid. Anyi kashe-kashe da arangama tsakanin su da zakara. Gwamnan Cádiz, Marquis na Solano, an yi masa lakabi da Faransanci kuma gungun maɗaukaki ne suka kashe shi. A ci gaba, Hukumar Seville ta yi tawaye ta nada Kyaftin Janar Tomás de Morla a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Solano, wanda aka kai wa hari a matsayin abin da ya lalata tawagar Faransa.
shan kashi
Rosily yana da maza 3.676 da jiragen ruwa shida, ban da bindigogi 398. Duk jiragen ruwa na layin suna da alaƙa da cewa sababbi ne. Ma'aikatan na Spain sun kasance maza 4.219 da jiragen ruwa shida, ciki har da jiragen ruwa guda biyar na layin da kuma tutocin 112 na cannon Principe de Asturia, baya ga jirgin ruwan Flora. Wannan ya sanya jimillar bindigogi 496. Morla da farko ya bukaci Rosily ya mika wuya, amma Rosily ya ki ya fara kai farmaki da kwale-kwalen.
Rosily ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami lokaci ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa zuwa ga Morla inda ta roƙe shi ya bar ƙungiyar ta fita a ƙarƙashin alkawuran cewa ba za a kai wa Spain ko Ingila hari ba. Manufar su ita ce su sayi lokaci don ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin Dupont da Napoleon ya aika su isa. Babu wanda ya yi tunanin ba za su taɓa fitowa ba, domin bayan wata ɗaya za a ci su a Bailén. Sai dai gwamnan Cadiz ya ki amincewa.
"Muhimmin abu game da harin na Mutanen Espanya shi ne kambin wuta da aka kafa a ƙasa a kusa da Poza de Santa Isabel, daga Trocadero, a Puerto Real, zuwa Carraca arsenal, a San Fernando. Don haka an ƙara kwale-kwalen bindigogi, waɗanda ƙananan jiragen ruwa da ke cikin jirgin waɗanda ke harbi ba tsayawa. Wani irin gauraye ne da bakon fada, daga kasa da teku. Ba zan iya yin komai ba. Ba shi yiwuwa ya ci wasan,” in ji Márquez Carmona.
A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni ne Faransawa suka mika wuya sannan Spain ta kama fursunoni 3.776, da kuma ganima na jiragen ruwa guda biyar na layin da wani jirgin ruwa, dukkansu dauke da bindigogi 456, makamai masu yawa guda 12, manyan bindigogi, alburusai da biyar. watannin tanadi. Matsakaicin wannan nasara a kan mutanen Napoleon ya mutu 51 kuma 5 sun ji rauni a bangaren Ingila sannan 50 suka mutu sannan XNUMX suka jikkata a bangaren Spain. Wani abin tarihi da aka maimaita a garin Bruch na Barcelona a cikin waɗannan kwanaki.
yaƙin cin zarafi
An raba wannan yakin zuwa fadace-fadacen da suka biyo baya. Na farko ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1808, kamar yadda Schwartz ya ba da umarnin wani shafi na umarni 3.800 na Faransa daga Barcelona zuwa Manresa. Don zuwa wannan gundumar dole ne su bi ta Bruch, amma hadari ya bayyana a hanya kuma Mutanen Espanya suna da lokaci don tsara tsaro. Masu sa kai na Catalan da magoya bayan da suka shiga yakin sun fito ne daga garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su, karkashin jagorancin Antonio Franch y Estalella, daga Igualada. Gabaɗaya sun tara mutane 2000, waɗanda suka kewaye zakaru suka yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 300 a cikin sahu.
Rikici na biyu ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Yuni, lokacin da wasu ginshiƙan Ingilishi guda biyu suka isa Bruch, ɗayan ya bi ta Collbató ɗayan kuma yana bin hanya. Bugu da ƙari, Mutanen Espanya suna da lokaci don ƙarfafa kansu, don haka sun sami damar saduwa da maharan da manyan bindigogi kuma an tilasta musu komawa baya su gudu.
Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fa'idodin guda biyu da 'yan jaridu suka yi, amma Bailén, bayan wata guda, an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi mahimmanci a tarihin Turai na zamani. Ba za mu iya mantawa da cewa dukan sojojin Napoleon da suka mika wuya a garin Jaén an kama su fursuna kuma wannan nasarar ta zarce na soja, tun da farko an daukaka ta zuwa fannin tatsuniyar kasa. Da farko yana da ta hanyar labarai, shela, bukukuwa da farfaganda a lokutan yaki, kuma daga baya, A lokacin karni na XNUMX, ta hanyar amincewa da jihar, ayyukan gine-gine, matafiya, editocin jarida, kundin tarihi da wallafe-wallafen. yana aiki… Kuma Bruch da Poza de Santa Isabel, babu komai.
