LANDELA
Njengoba ephethwe kahle, amahlathi ethu angumthombo omkhulu wengcebo, njengoba ehlala enjalo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke kuzoba njalo, ngoba ubuchwepheshe obusha buvula umkhathizwe omusha wamathuba okuthuthukisa izinsiza zehlathi kanye nokuzuza imikhiqizo ephezulu enenani elihambisana nentuthuko evamile. Ngalokhu, amahlathi angaba amaphaphu ezomnotho nemvelo eqiniso, anikeze impilo emiphakathini yendawo futhi asize ekusunguleni inani labantu.
Kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinkuni zokwakha kanye nefenisha, izinto zokubhala kanye namakhadibhodi, ukuqoqwa kwamasethi, i-ecotourism... izinhlelo ezintsha ziyavela. Isibonelo, isivele ithole ukhuni olukhanyayo olungase lube yikhandidethi lokushintsha ingilazi nepulasitiki noma izinkuni eziqinile ezifana nokwakha izakhiwo ezinezitezi eziningi.
Izindwangu ezifana ne-lyocell, ezifana ne-viscose, ezivela ku-eucalyptus ne-birch fibers, zenziwa ama-giants amakhulu wefashini njenge-Inditex ne-H & M. Ngodoti ovela ezinqubweni ezihlukene zokwelashwa kwezinkuni, uzokhiqiza i-biomass ehlinzeka ngokushisa komakhelwane kwamanye amadolobha emhlabeni. I-nanocellulose esobala isiqala ukuzibonakalisa ngisho nasemizimbeni yezimoto. Inenkampani yaseJapan, iSumitomo Forestry ngokubambisana neNyuvesi yaseKyoto, yakha okuzoba amasathelayithi okhuni okuqala emhlabeni. Ingasaphathwa eyokutshalwa kwezimali okukhangayo amahlathi anawo njengamasinki e-carbon ezinkampanini ezinkulu okufanele zehlise ukukhishwa kwazo kwamagesi abamba ukushisa.
Kungenzeka
Amandla esikhathi esizayo amahlathi ethu abonakala engapheli. “Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amandla omthombo wamahlathi eSpain angawuphinda kabili noma kathathu umnotho kanye nokuqashwa okukhiqizwa amahlathi ethu manje,” kusho uJesús Martínez, unjiniyela wamahlathi esikhungweni sezobunjiniyela bezamahlathi se-FMC. Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi izindawo zamahlathi zithatha ngaphezu kwesigamu sobuso bezwe lethu. Ngokuqondile, ama-55%, ngokusho kwe-National Forest Inventory. Futhi indawo enamahlathi cishe ingxenye yesithathu yensimu yethu (29%).
Ingxenye yesithathu yobuso bezwe lethu izindawo zayo ezinamahlathi
Isiqalo esihle sokukhiqiza amathuba amasha ebhizinisi kulokho okubizwa nge-bioeconomy yamahlathi, "ezama ukwazisa nokwenza kubonakale izinsiza ezivela emahlathini ukuze zishintshe zibe yimodeli yezomnotho esimeme," kuchaza uCarmen Avilés. , uprofesa Webhizinisi. Inhlangano eNyuvesi yasePolytechnic yaseMadrid. Leli bhizinisi libamba iqhaza kanye nabaphathi abahlukene kanye nezikhungo ku-Urban Forest Economy Laboratory (I-Urban Forest Innovation Lab). kwemithombo yethu yehlathi, kufanele sizame ukwakha umnotho wendawo ozungezwe amahlathi aseCuenca, elinye lamadolobha aseYurophu anehlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke: amahektha angu-55.000 ahlaselwe yizihlahla. “Ngalokho okukhiqizwa yila mahlathi, kugqugquzelwa ngisho nezinhlelo zamabhizinisi kwesinye isikhathi ezidinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye ne-prototyping. Lokhu kwenziwa elabhorethri yasePolytechnic University of Madrid kanye naseNyuvesi yaseCastilla-La Mancha”, kuphawula uprofesa.
Ngakho-ke, kancane kancane, kanye nomkhakha omkhulu wezinkuni wendabuko waseSpain, ngoba indwangu entsha yezinkampani ezintsha iye yaqhakaza ezungeze uquqaba lwamahlathi, lapho ubuchwepheshe nezikhungo zocwaningo nazo zibambisana khona. “Manje sekumayelana nokukhiqiza imali kanye nokusetshenziswa okusha nezinkonzo ezivumela amahlathi ukuthi agcinwe ngendlela eqhubekayo. Lo mzila omusha wokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zehlathi muhle ngoba sizovumela imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu futhi sinakekele amahlathi”, kusho uFrancisco Dans, umqondisi weGalician Forestry Association. Ingenye yezinhlangano ezihlanganisa i-Confederation of Associations of Foresters of Spain (COSE). “Singabanini bamahlathi abayizigidi ezimbili. Ngaphezulu kuka-60% wendawo yehlathi iyimfihlo,” uyanezela.
Izicelo ezintsha
Izinkuni ziwumthombo oyinhloko wehlathi. Iyasimama, iyasebenziseka kabusha futhi iyabola. “Kuwumthombo wamasu. Inhloso enkulu ukusizakala ngayo yonke into ephuma esihlahleni”, ubheka uDans. Okuthile osekwenziwe inqubekela phambili enkulu. Kufakwe "kunemikhiqizo yendabuko ethuthuke kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe obusha, njengezinto eziphambanisiwe (i-CLT) ezivumela ukwakhiwa kwamaphaneli, izindawo ezingaphezulu, izindonga, amapuleti ... futhi ngaleyo ndlela yakhe izakhiwo ezinezitezi eziningi. Ngaphambili, izinkuni zazilinganiselwe ezindlini zomndeni owodwa, izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nezakhiwo zezimboni ”, kuchaza uJesús Martínez. Impahla esimeme kakhulu ene-carbon footprint ephansi kunokhonkolo wamanje.
I-biomass yehlathi ngokwalo (amagatsha, izinsalela zokuthena, izihlahla ezincane), ama-pellets (izinsalela ze-agglomerated sawdust) nezinsalela zezinqubo zokuguqulwa kwezinkuni kunikeza ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amasha, ngaphezu kokukhiqiza ukushisa nogesi kugesi we-biomass ophakathi. “Isibonelo, nge-pyrolysis, i-biomass iguqulwa ibe yi-biochar, i-biochar enezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza. Isetshenziselwa ukususa ukungcola emifuleni noma indawo yokukhipha indle efektri,” kusho uJuan Pedro Majada, umqondisi we-Asturias Wood Forest Technology Center. Ibuye isetshenziswe njengohlobo lomanyolo wemvelo wokubuyisela umhlabathi owonakele ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhi.
ESpain kunabanikazi bamahlathi abayizigidi ezimbili
Lapho kufinyelelwa khona intuthuko enkulu kusekukhishweni izingxenye zamakhemikhali ezinsizeni zasehlathini ezibuye zisetshenziswe kamuva kwezinye izinqubo zezimboni. "Ezimbonini ze-biorefineries, ngaphambi kokwenza i-cellulose pulp noma ukwenza ama-pellets, kutholakala imikhiqizo enenani elingeziwe kwezinye izimboni ezifana nezimonyo, ukudla ...", kubonisa uMajada. "Kunentuthuko enamandla kakhulu yemboni yamakhemikhali esekelwe emicu yezinkuni ukuze ithathe indawo yepulasitiki ne-petroleum," kusho uDans.
Phakathi kwalezi zinto kukhona inhlaka, phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwayo okuningi, isetshenziswa kuzincibilikisi zemvelo, ama-lacquers, iglue, izinamatheliso, amaglue, odayi, ama-varnish, ngisho nasezintweni zoshingamu. Futhi i-lignin, eyenza izihlahla ziqine.” “Ingenye yama-polymer emvelo amaningi kakhulu eMhlabeni. Isetshenziswa ezindwangu, ukuxuba namapulasitiki futhi uthole imikhiqizo eqinile, phansi, ifenisha…”, kwengeza uMartínez.
izinguquko
I-nanocellulose esobala ibizwe ukuthi ibangele uguquko olukhulu embonini. Ikhishwa ku-cellulose yokhuni. Ilula, inezinga eliphezulu lokumelana futhi iyabola. “Isibalo sezicelo eziphenywayo ngale nto sikhulu. Okwezikrini zefoni nezethelevishini eziguquguqukayo, ifenisha, umsebenzi womzimba wemoto. Isetshenziswa ngisho nakumagesi, amabhandeshi namavalvu enhliziyo.
I-'boom' nayo isemakethe yekhabhoni. Ukhuni lwezihlahla lulungisa i-C02. Kungakho izinkampani ezinkulu nezincane zithenga amalungelo e-emission kubanikazi bamahlathi, indlela yokususa i-carbon footprint yazo lapho zingasakwazi ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Kukhona futhi "izinkampani zokutshala izimali nezinkampani ezinkulu ezisungule ubunjiniyela zifuna indawo yokukhulisa amahlathi," kusho uMajada, njengamapulazi ashiywe, umhlaba omdala wokulima, izindawo ezishisiwe ...
Amahlathi yithuba okungafanele liphuthelwe, ngoba uma lezi zimiso zemvelo zingaphathwa, noma umsebenzi odingekayo wenziwe ukuze zibe nempilo (okwaziwa ngokuthi amahlathi), ziyanyamalala. "Ukulahlwa ezindaweni ezikwazi ukuqongelela i-biomass ezintabeni kubangela ingozi yomlilo," kusho uDans. Kodwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakho kunomthelela. "Ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa kanye nokushintsha kokusatshalaliswa kombuso wemvula kwenza izihlahla zibe buthaka." Ngakho-ke isidingo sokwenza izinqubo ezanele zamahlathi, kusukela ekugawulweni kwezihlahla ezingenampilo kuye ekugcwalisweni kabusha kwezinhlobo zofuzo ezithuthukisiwe ezimelana nezifo futhi zivumelane nazo esimweni sezulu samanje nesesikhathini esizayo.
