I-subprime mortgage loan yaba negalelo njani kwintlekele yezemali yehlabathi ka-2007 no-2008?
Ingxaki ye-subprime ka-2007 ukuya ku-2010 yasuka ekwandisweni kwangaphambili kwemboleko-mali yokubambisa, nakubaboleki ababeza kusokola ngaphambili ukufumana imali mboleko, ukufaka isandla kunye nokuququzelela ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso ezindlu. Ngokwembali, abantu abanokuba ngabathengi bezindlu babenobunzima ekufumaneni imali yokubambisa ukuba banembali yetyala elingaphantsi komndilili, benze iintlawulo ezincinci, okanye bafuna iimali mboleko eziphezulu. Ngaphandle kokuba bahlawulwa yiinshorensi karhulumente, ababolekisi ngokufuthi bazikhaba ezo zicelo zokubambisa. Ngelixa ezinye iintsapho ezisemngciphekweni omkhulu zikwazile ukufumana iimali-mboleko zexabiso ezincinci ezixhaswa yiFederal Housing Administration (FHA), abanye, bejongene nokukhetha kwetyala elincinci, baqeshisa. Ngelo xesha, ubunini bezindlu babujikeleze i-65%, amazinga okuvalwa ayephantsi, kwaye ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kunye namaxabiso abonisa ukuguquguquka kwinzala yemali-mboleko kunye nengeniso.
Ekuqaleni kunye naphakathi kwe-2000s, i-subprime mortgages yanikezelwa ngababolekisi abaxhasa ngemali mboleko ngokudibanisa kwakhona kumachibi athengiswa kubatyalo-mali. Iimveliso zezemali ezintsha zisetyenziselwa ukusasaza le mingcipheko, kunye ne-private-label mortgage-backed securities (PMBS) enikezela uninzi lwenkxaso-mali ye-subprime mortgages. Izibambiso ezingaphantsi komngcipheko zazibhekwa njengengozi ephantsi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba zikhuselwe ngezixhobo ezitsha zemali okanye ngenxa yokuba ezinye izibambiso ziza kuqala zithathe nayiphi na ilahleko kwi-mortgages ephantsi (DiMartino kunye neDuca 2007). Oku kwavumela abathengi abaninzi bokuqala ukuba bafumane iimali mboleko (Duca, Muellbauer, and Murphy 2011), kwaye inani labaninimzi landa.
Ixesha lexesha le-subprime mortgage crisis
Ingxaki yezemali yase-US yayiyingxaki yezemali yezizwe ngezizwe eyathi yenzeka phakathi kuka-2007 no-2010 kwaye yaba negalelo kwintlekele yezemali yehlabathi ka-2007-2008 [1][2] Yabangelwa kukuhla kwexabiso elikhulu lezindlu eMelika emva kokuwa kwezindlu. iqamza lezindlu, elikhokelela kukusilela kwimali-mboleko yezindlu, ukuvalwa, kunye nokuthotywa kwamaxabiso anxulumene nekhaya. Ukwehla kotyalo-mali lweendawo zokuhlala kwandulela ukudodobala okukhulu koqoqosho kwaze kwalandelwa kukuncitshiswa kwenkcitho yendlu kwaye, kamva, kutyalo-mali lweshishini. Unciphiso lwenkcitho belubaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla enendibaniselwano yamatyala aphezulu kumakhaya kunye nokwehla kwamaxabiso ezindlu amakhulu[3].
Iqamza lezindlu elandulelayo le ngxaki lalixhaswa ngemali yi-mortgage-backed securities (MBS) kunye nee-collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), eziye zabonelela ekuqaleni ngenzala ephezulu (okt izivuno ezingcono) kunezibambiso zikarhulumente, kunye nemilinganiselo enomtsalane yomngcipheko evela kwiiarhente zokukala. Nangona izinto zengxaki ziye zabonakala ngakumbi ngo-2007, amaziko ezezimali amaninzi awohlokile ngoSeptemba ka-2008, nophazamiseko olukhulu lokuhamba kwetyala kumashishini nakubathengi kunye nokuqala kokudodobala okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi[4].
Uphononongo lwetyala le-subprime mortgage crisis
Xa amaxesha anzima, kunokubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukugcina onke amatyala akho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uyasilela kwintlawulo yakho yenyanga yokubambisa, usengozini yokujongana nokusilela kwimali-mboleko yakho kwaye unokuphulukana nekhaya lakho.
Ezi ntlobo zeziganeko ziyintlekele, kodwa zinokuphetshwa ukuba amanyathelo afanelekileyo ayaziwa. Funda malunga nokungagqibeki kwe-mortgage, ukuba zithetha ukuthini kunye nendlela onokuziphepha ngayo, ukuze ukwazi ukukhusela ikhaya lakho kunye nemali yakho.
Ukungagqibeki kwe-mortgage kwenzeka xa umboleki engaphumeleli ukwenza ibhalansi yenqununu yenyanga okanye iintlawulo zenzala kwi-mboleko ye-mortgage. Nangona kunjalo, ukusilela kunokuthi kwenzeke ngamakhadi etyala kunye neemali mboleko zabafundi. Xa umboleki esilela ngokuphindaphindiweyo okanye eyeka ukwenza intlawulo ngokupheleleyo, kunokubakho iziphumo ezibi kakhulu zexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide.
Ukusilela kwimali-mboleko kunokubangela ukuba umboleki aphulukane nekhaya kwaye wonakalise amanqaku akhe etyala. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukusilela kusenokunyusa izinga lenzala yomboleki kwamanye amatyala kwaye kwenze kube nzima ngakumbi ukufumana imali-mboleko yexesha elizayo.
Ukuba uyasilela kwi-mortgage yakho, uya kuba nethuba lokuhlawula imali-mboleko yakho ngaphambi kokuba umbolekisi athathe ulawulo lwepropati yakho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba awuqhagamshelani nombolekisi wakho, unokulindela ukufumana la manyathelo achazwe ngezantsi.
Yintoni eyabangela i-subprime mortgage crisis
I-subprime mortgage crisis yaba kukunyuka okubukhali kwi-subprime mortgages eya kwi-default iqala ngo-2007, igalelo kwi-recession enzima kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka. Ukuchuma kwezindlu phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000 – kudityaniswe nenzala ephantsi yelo xesha – kwakhokelela ekubeni ababolekisi-mali abaninzi babolekise ngemali yezindlu kubantu abanetyala elilambathayo. Xa i-bubble yezindlu yaqhuma, abaninzi ababoleki babengenakukwazi ukufumana iintlawulo zabo ze-subprime mortgage.
Emva kohlaselo lobunqolobi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001 e-United States, i-Federal Reserve yavuselela uqoqosho lwase-US olutsala nzima ngokunciphisa inzala ukuya kumanqanaba aphantsi ngokwembali. Ngokomzekelo, i-Federal Reserve yehlisa izinga leemali ze-federal ukusuka kwi-6% ngoJanuwari 2001 ukuya kwi-1% ngoJuni 2003. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhula kwezoqoqosho e-United States kwaqala ukunyuka. Ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho kubangele ukwanda kwemfuno yezindlu kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kwimali mboleko. Nangona kunjalo, i-boom yezindlu eyalandelayo iye yakhokelela kumanqanaba erekhodi yobunikazi bezindlu e-US.
