UMthetho weMibutho

Yintoni uMbutho?

Umbutho ubizwa ngokuba kukudityaniswa kwabantu okanye amaziko ngenjongo enye. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibutho exhomekeke kwinjongo ebajoyinayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwi Indawo yezomthetho, imibutho ibonakaliswa ngokwamaqela abantu ngenjongo yokwenza into efanayo, apho ngendlela yedemokhrasi amalungu abo edityanisiwe, ayenzi ngeniso kwaye azimele kuwo nawuphi na umbutho okanye iqela lezopolitiko, inkampani okanye umbutho. .

Xa iqela labantu lilungelelanisiwe ukuba lenze umsebenzi othile weqela elingenzi ngeniso, kodwa elinobuntu obusemthethweni, kuthiwa yinto "Umbutho ongajonganga kwenza nzuzo", apho amalungelo anokufunyanwa kwaye, ke, izibophelelo, ngolu hlobo lombutho umahluko umiselwa phakathi kweeasethi zombutho kunye nabantu abanxulumene noko. Phakathi kwezinye zeempawu zolu hlobo lombutho zezi:

  • Ukubakho kokusebenza ngokwentando yesininzi ngokupheleleyo.
  • Ukuzimela kweminye imibutho.

Yeyiphi imithetho elawula umgaqo-siseko weMibutho?

Ngokubhekisele kulo Mthetho woMgaqo-siseko weMibutho, kuya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba bonke abantu banelungelo lokuzimanya ngokukhululekileyo ukufezekisa iinjongo ezisemthethweni. Ke ngoko, kumgaqo-siseko wemibutho kunye nokusekwa kombutho ochaphazelekayo kunye nokusebenza okufanayo, kufuneka kwenziwe ngaphakathi kwemida emiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko, kwizivumelwano zoMthetho nakwezinye izinto ezicingiswa yinkqubo yezomthetho.

Zeziphi ezona mpawu ziphambili ekufuneka uMbutho ube nazo?

Kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo, kukho uthotho lwemilinganiselo ethile esekwe ngumbutho, ngokokuhlengahlengiswa komthetho wezinto eziphilayo ophetheyo wokulawula ilungelo elisisiseko lombutho. Kwaye ukongeza, lo mthetho wendalo unendalo eyongezelelweyo, oko kuthetha ukuba kwezo meko apho imigaqo ingalawulwa kwimigaqo ethile kodwa ukuba umthetho we-organic uza kulawulwa yinto ebonelelwe kuwo. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo izibonelelo zomthetho wezinto eziphilayo, imibutho kufuneka inike ezinye zeempawu ezingundoqo eziza kudweliswa apha ngezantsi:

  1. Elona nani lincinci labantu ekufuneka lidibanise imibutho yezomthetho kufuneka babe ngabantu abathathu (3) ubuncinci.
  2. Bamele bakhumbule iinjongo kunye / okanye imisebenzi ekufuneka yenziwe kumbutho, ekufuneka yenziwe ngendlela efanayo.
  3. Umsebenzi ngaphakathi kombutho kufuneka ube yedemokhrasi ngokupheleleyo.
  4. Kufuneka kubekho ukungabikho kweenjongo zenzuzo.

Kwinqaku 4) lomhlathi odlulileyo, ukungabikho kweenjongo zenzuzo kuyaxoxwa, oko kuthetha ukuba izibonelelo okanye intsalela yoqoqosho yonyaka ayinakwabiwa phakathi kwamaqabane ahlukeneyo, kodwa la manqaku alandelayo ayavunyelwa:

  • Unokuba nentsalela yezoqoqosho ekupheleni konyaka, nto leyo enqwenelekayo ngokubanzi ngenxa yokuba uzinzo lombutho aluphazamiseki.
  • Yiba nezivumelwano zengqesho kumbutho, ezinokuthi zenziwe ngamaqabane kunye namalungu ebhodi yabalawuli, ngaphandle kokuba imigaqo ibonelela ngenye indlela.
  • Imisebenzi yezoqoqosho inokwenziwa ukuba ivelise intsalela yezoqoqosho kumbutho. Ezi ntsalela kufuneka ziphinde zityalwe ukuze kuzalisekiswe iinjongo ezibekwe ngumbutho.
  • Amaqabane kufuneka abenakho ukwenza ngokuhambelana nequmrhu kwaye angabinalo umda wokuma malunga nombutho, ngokunxulumene nesigwebo somthetho okanye umthetho othile, umzekelo, njengoko kunjalo emkhosini nakwiijaji. Xa elinye lamaqabane lisencinci (kuba kuvunyelwe), esi sikhundla sinikezelwa ngabazali babo okanye abameli bezomthetho, kuba ukuba mncinci akunamandla okusemthethweni.

Ngawaphi amalungu asisiseko oMbutho?

Imizimba eyila imithetho yombutho zezi zimbini:

  1. Imibutho kaRhulumente: eyaziwa njenge "Iindibano zaMalungu".
  2. Amaqumrhu abameli: Ngokubanzi, bayonyulwa phakathi kwamalungu ombutho omnye (ibhunga lolawulo) kwaye, ibizwa ngokuba "yiBhodi yaBalawuli", nangona benokwaziwa ngamanye amagama anje: ikomiti yesigqeba, ikomiti karhulumente, iqela likarhulumente, ibhodi yezolawulo njl njl.

Nangona ngaphakathi kumbutho inkululeko yokuzibandakanya isekiwe, inokuseka amanye amaqumrhu angaphakathi apho imisebenzi ethile inokongezwa, ezinje ngeekomiti zomsebenzi, ezolawulo kunye / okanye namaqumrhu ophicotho-zincwadi, ukuze asebenze ngcono umbutho.

Zeziphi ezona mpawu ziphambili ekufuneka zihlangabezane neNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo?

INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ibunjwe njengequmrhu apho imibutho ezimeleyo ikulawula khona kwaye iqulunqwe ngawo onke amaqabane kwaye, iimpawu zayo ezingundoqo zezi zilandelayo:

  • Kuya kufuneka bahlangane kube kanye ngonyaka, rhoqo, ukuze bavume iiakhawunti zonyaka ophelayo kwaye bafunde uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lonyaka oza kuqala.
  • Iifowuni mazenziwe ngendlela engaqhelekanga xa kufuneka kuguqulwe imimiselo nayo yonke into ebonelelweyo kuzo.
  • Amaqabane ngokwawo aya kuseta imimiselo kunye nohlobo lokwamkelwa kwezigqibo zomgaqo-siseko wendibano ngekhoramu efunekayo. Ukuba imeko yokungalawulwa yimimiselo yenzeka, uMthetho woMbutho umisela le miqathango ilandelayo:
  • Ikhoram kufuneka yenziwe sisinye kwisithathu sonxulumano.
  • Izivumelwano ezisekwe kwiindibano ziya kunikwa sisininzi esifanelekileyo sabantu abakhoyo okanye abamele, kule meko iivoti zokuvuma kufuneka zibe sisininzi xa kuthelekiswa nezimbi. Oku kuthetha ukuba iivoti ezilungileyo kufuneka zigqithiswe ngesiqingatha, izivumelwano ekucingelwa ukuba ziya kuba zizivumelwano ezinxulumene nokuchithwa kombutho, ukuguqulwa kweMithetho, ukubekwa okanye ukwahlulwa kweeasethi kunye nomvuzo wamalungu ebhunga elimele.

Ngokomthetho omiselweyo, yintoni ukusebenza kweBhodi yaBalawuli kuMbutho?

IBhodi yabaLawuli liqumrhu elimele uxanduva lokwenza iinkqubo kumbutho weendibano kwaye, ke ngoko, amagunya alo aya kwandisa, ngokubanzi, kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe enegalelo kwinjongo yombutho, ngaphandle kokuba bayakwenza oko ayifuni, ngokungqinelana neMithetho, isigunyaziso esivela kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kwequmrhu labameli kuya kuxhomekeka kwinto esekwe kwiMithetho, ukuba nje ayiphikisani noMthetho osekwe ngokweNqaku le-11 loMthetho weOrganic 1/2002, kaMatshi 22, elawula iLungelo loMbutho, kubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

[…] 4. Kuyakubakho iqumrhu elimele kwaye elimele iimfuno zombutho, ngokungqinelana nezibonelelo kunye nemiyalelo yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ngamaqabane kuphela anokuba yinxalenye yequmrhu labameli.

Ukuze ube lilungu lemibutho emele umbutho, ngaphandle kokuthintela into esekwe kwiMithetho yabo, iimfuno eziyimfuneko ziya kuba zezi: ukuba seminyakeni esemthethweni, ukusebenzisa onke amalungelo oluntu kwaye ungathathi nxaxheba kwizizathu zokungangqinelani ezimiselweyo kumthetho wangoku.

Yintoni ukusebenza koMbutho?

Ngokubhekisele ekusebenzeni kombutho, le nto kufuneka ibe yedemokhrasi ngokupheleleyo, ethi yona iguqule, ngokubanzi, ngokweNdibano, inothotho lweempawu ezithile kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo, ezimiselwe ngokobungakanani bendibano yamaqabane ayo. , Uhlobo lwabantu abalubumbayo, ngokwenjongo yequmrhu kwaye ngokubanzi, belungelelanisa iimfuno ezifunwa ngumbutho.

Kwelinye icala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba onke amaqabane ngokufanayo ayinto enye kumbutho, ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngaphakathi kombutho kunokuba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano, nganye inemisebenzi namalungelo. Kwimeko apho, amalungu ahloniphekileyo anokuba nelizwi kodwa angavoti kwiindibano ezahlukeneyo.

Uthini umthetho osebenzayo kwiAssemblies?

Umbutho ulawulwa liqela Imithetho ethile. Eminye yale mithetho mdala kwaye imfutshane.

Phakathi kwale mithetho kukho Umthetho weOrganic 1/2002, kaMeyi 22, ulawula iLungelo loMbutho, kwisiseko esongezelelweyo. Apho ityhila khona, ezo meko zigqithileyo ezinokungalawulwa kumthetho wenqanaba langaphakathi kwaye, ukuba kunjalo, ziya kusebenza koko kumiselwe kumthetho wezinto eziphilayo.

Kwiimeko ezithile, ezinjengezo zibhekisa kwimibutho yobungcali okanye yeshishini, kuyafuneka ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kufuneka kusingathwe uMthetho othile kunye noMthetho weOrganic.

Kwelinye icala, kukwakho nemithetho ejwayelekile kwindalo, iyasebenza kumaziko anomda wokusebenza osikelwe umda kuluntu oluzimeleyo. Uluntu oluzimeleyo lubhekisa kolo luntu luye lwasibeka umthetho kuloo nto, into engakhange yenzeke kulo lonke uluntu.

Ngesi sizathu, umthetho ohambelana nawo osebenzayo kwimibutho engenzi nzuzo unokucwangciswa ube ngamacandelo amathathu achazwe apha ngezantsi: 

  1. IMIMISELO KARHULUMENTE.

  • Umthetho weOrganic 1/2002, kaMatshi 22, olawula iLungelo loMbutho.
  • Ummiselo wasebukhosini 1740/2003, nge-19 kaDisemba, ngeenkqubo ezinxulumene nemibutho yoluntu.
  • Ummiselo wasebukhosini 949/2015, ka-Okthobha 23, ovuma imiGaqo yoBhaliso lweSizwe lweMibutho.
  1. IMIMISELO YENGINGQI

Andalusia:

  • Umthetho 4/2006, kaJuni 23, kwiMibutho yaseAndalusia (BOJA no. 126, kaJulayi 3; BOE no. 185, ka-Agasti 4).

Iziqithi zeCanary:

  • Umthetho 4/2003, kaFebruwari 28, kwimibutho yeCanary Islands (BOE no. 78, ka-Epreli 1).

ICatalonia:

  • Umthetho 4/2008, ka-Epreli 24, wencwadi yesithathu yeCode Code yaseCatalonia, enxulumene nabantu abasemthethweni (BOE no. 131 kaMeyi 30).

Uluntu lwaseValencian:

  • Umthetho 14/2008, kaNovemba 18, kwimibutho yoLuntu lwaseValencian (DOCV No. 5900, kaNovemba 25; BOE No. 294, kaDisemba 6).

Ilizwe laseBasque:

  • Umthetho 7/2007, kaJuni 22, kwimibutho yelizwe laseBasque (BOPV No. 134 ZK, kaJulayi 12; BOE No. 250, ka-Okthobha 17, 2011).
  • Ummiselo we-146/2008, kaJulayi 29, wokuphumeza iMimiselo kwiMibutho yoLuntu kaRhulumente kunye noKhuseleko lwawo (BOPV No. 162 ZK, ka-Agasti 27).
  1. IMIGAQO EYODWA.

Imibutho yoLutsha:

  • Ummiselo wasebukhosini 397/1988, ka-Epreli 22, elawula ubhaliso lweMibutho yoLutsha

Imibutho yabafundi:

  • Inqaku lesi-7 loMthetho we-Organic 8/1985 malunga nelungelo lokufumana imfundo
  • Ummiselo wasebukhosini 1532/1986 olawula imibutho yabafundi.

Imibutho yabafundi yaseyunivesithi:

  • Isiqendu 46.2.g soMthetho weOrganic 6/2001, kaDisemba 21, kwiiDyunivesithi.
  • Kwimicimbi engakhankanywanga kumthetho ongaphambili, kufuneka sibhekise kwi-Decree 2248/1968, kwiMibutho yaBafundi kunye ne-Order kaNovemba 9, 1968, kwimithetho yobhaliso lweMibutho yaBafundi.

Imibutho yezemidlalo:

  • Umthetho 10/1990, ka-Okthobha u-15, kwezemidlalo.

Imibutho yootata noomama:

  • Inqaku lesi-5 loMthetho we-Organic 8/1985, kaJulayi 3, olawula ilungelo lemfundo.
  • Ummiselo wasebukhosini 1533/1986, kaJulayi 11, olawula imibutho yabazali babafundi.

Imibutho yabathengi kunye neyabasebenzisi:

  • Isindululo somthetho wasebukhosini 1/2007, ka-Novemba 16, esivuma isicatshulwa esihlaziyiweyo soMthetho Jikelele woKhuselo lwaBasebenzisi naBasebenzisi neminye imithetho eyongezelelweyo.

Imibutho yoshishino kunye neengcali:

  • Umthetho 19/1977, ka-Epreli 1, kummiselo weLungelo loMbutho weManyano yabasebenzi.
  • Ummiselo wasebukhosini 873/1977, ka-Epreli 22, kwidiphozithi yemimiselo yemibutho esekwe phantsi koMthetho 19/1977, elawula ilungelo lombutho wabasebenzi.

Umthetho oNcedisayo:

  • Umthetho 13/1999, ka-Epreli 29, kwiNtsebenziswano yoPhuhliso loLuntu lwaseMadrid
  • Umthetho 45/2015, ka-Okthobha 14, ngokuzithandela (kwilizwe lonke)
  • Umthetho 23/1998, kaJulayi 7, kwiNtsebenziswano yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe