Lilemo tse fetang lekholo pele li-cubes tsa Avecrem bouillon li fihla Spain bohareng ba Ntoa ea Lehae 'me li ile tsa tsebahala lilemong tseo tsa tlhokahalo, setsebi se tummeng sa k'hemistri sa Lenyesemane, moprofesa oa Royal College of Artillery ea Segovia, o ile a hlahisa ho ba boholong 'Sephetho sa hae. liteko tse entsoeng ka hloko ho fumana litsela tsa ho eketsa ho iphelisa ha lesole ntle le ho imetsa Real Herario '. Tlalehong ena e rometsoeng ka la 22 Pherekhong 1791, Joseph Luis Proust (1754-1826) o ne a kenyelletsa lisampole tse 36 tsa gelatin tse entsoeng ka masapo a khomo, pheleu kapa a kolobe. Mohlomong li-cubes tsa khale ka ho fetisisa tse tsejoang.
Kajeno li rōkelloa ka khoele pampiring eona eo e ’mala o mosehla oo li rometsoeng ka oona. Li ngotsoe ka mokhoa o phethahetseng ho General Archive of Simancas (AGS), joalo ka linaoa tse tharo tsa cocoa tse rometsoeng ho tsoa moetlong oa Ferrol ka 1795 kapa sampole ea koae, hape ho tloha lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo, eo, ntle le pelaelo, e tla be e se e lahlehetsoe ke eona. monko. Qhobosheane ea khale ea Valladolid moo Carlos I, haholo-holo mora oa hae ea tsitlellang Felipe II, a ileng a boloka lintho tsena le tse ling tse khahlang, hammoho le litokomane tse ngata tse hlahisitsoeng ke borena ba Spain ho tloha lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo ho isa qalong ea lekholo la boXNUMX la lilemo.
Pokello ea lintho tse mahlakore a mararo tse bolokiloeng Simancas li kenyelletsa masela a mangata, lisampole tsa junifomo kapa matlooa a ho tšoasa litlhapi, likulo, lichelete tsa tšepe esita le leino, lenaka le ntšitsoeng ho Prince Ferdinand oa Naples ha a le lilemo li 11. e ileng ea romeloa ka 1762 ke ntat’ae, Morena Carlos III. Ka karete e rometsoeng ke Domenico Cattaneo della Volta, khosana ea San Nicandro le morupeli oa khosana, ea qetellang a ile a bolella morena hore o tlameha ho ntša leino la ngoana hobane, ka lebaka la motso o molelele le o bohale, ha oa ka oa oa. Bakeng sa tlaleho, o ile a romela tusk "allegato alla lettera" ("glued to the letter").
Lintho tse fapa-fapaneng Tusk ea Khosana Ferdinand oa Naples (ka holimo), pele ho lekholo la bo1782 la lilemo, nale ea ho roka le junifomo ea k'hothone mecha ea litaba e rometsoe ka XNUMX. General Archive of Simancas
Hoa makatsa ho fumana Simancas esita le nale ea ho roka, e tsejoang e le ea pele ho lekholo la boXNUMX la lilemo. "E kanna ea tsoa moetlong o itseng o teng tsamaisong ka boeona ea ho ts'oara litokomane tse nang le lithakhisa kapa linale" hobane "ka nako eo ho ne ho se na likoto," ho etsa joalo Julia Rodríguez de Diego.
Mehla ea Leseli... le lisampole
Motsamaisi oa AGS o totobatsa har'a lintho tse khahlang haholo lisampole tsa linama tsa mefuta eohle tse teng polokelong ea litaba. Ho na le lisampole tse fetang 400 tsa masela "e leng mohlala o sa tloaelehang oa pokello," ho latela Francisca Romero. Motho enoa ea tsosolosang thepa ea setso o ithutile ka hloko mehlala ena, kaofela ha eona ho tloha lekholong la bo2017 la lilemo, bakeng sa khopolo ea hae ea bongaka 'Ha toro ea mabaka e hlahisa mabothobotho' (XNUMX).
"Mehlala e ne e le karolo e hlakileng e ngotseng mangolo lipakeng tsa lifeme le tsamaiso. E ne e boetse e le tloaelo e tloaelehileng ho kenyelletsa lisampole tsa masela le dae mangolong a kenyelletso ea liluhi le li-dyeers, "ho boletse Romero, ea entseng lipatlisiso ka likoleke tsena ho khetholla tlhahiso ea masela pele ho indasteri ho a hlahisoang kamora 1807 le ho ngola tsa morao-rao. lisebelisoa li entsoe ka thepa ea tlhaho le lihlahisoa tse entsoeng lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, pokello ea AGS e ile ea mo lumella ho ntlafatsa tsoelo-pele ea nako le ts'ebetso ea Royal Factories le kamano ea bona le Crown.
Lisampole tse ling li tsoa ho General Directorate of Revenue, eo har'a mesebetsi ea eona e neng e laola Customs. Lihlahisoa tsohle tse keneng kapa tse tsoang libakeng tse fapaneng li ne li lefshoa litefiso tsa lipalangoang 'me bakeng sa e' ngoe le e 'ngoe, ho latela boleng le boleng ba eona, ho ile ha lefshoa litefiso tse itseng.
"Liofisiri tsa lekhetho li ne li e-na le lethathamo, ho kenyelletsa le buka ea mohlala, e neng e bokella lisampole tsa masela a fapaneng le litokelo tsa bona tsa ho li bokella, ho latela boleng ba tsona," ho hopola Rodríguez de Diego. Lekhetho la muslin le ne le sa tšoane le la lesela le mahoashe. "Sena se hlalositse boteng ba lisampole tse ngata tsa masela," ho eketsa motho ea ikarabellang faeleng eo.
Mohlala oa masela a lekholo la boXNUMX la lilemo General Archive of Simancas
Boholo ba lisampole tsena ke masela a tsoang kantle ho naha. Mehlala ea tlhahiso ea naha e tsoa licheleteng tsa Bongoli le Superintendency of Finance mme e bua ka litšenyehelo le maemo a etsahetseng Royal Textile Factories.
Lifeme tsa masela li ne li e-na le boikarabelo ba ho hlahisa mehlala ea makhotla le mehlala ea masela a neng a ka hlahisoa ka tekanyo e khōloanyane, ho tiisa hore a ne a ratoa ke marena. Kahoo Lekhotla le ile la fetoha sefe sa pele sa tlhahiso ea indasteri ea masela ea naha eo lipapiso li neng li batla ho e etsa ka mokhoa oa tse teng linaheng tse ling.
"Sena ke moelelo oa likamano tse pharaletseng le tse hlakileng haholo tsa libuka tsa mehlala ea masela", ho akaretsa mookameli oa AGS.
Uniform le tšebeliso ea sesole
Sebaka sena sa polokelo ea boitsebiso se boetse se na le masela a mang, a kang li-mediums tse 'maloa tsa k'hothone, li-gimped, li-ribbons bakeng sa likatiba le mehlala e meng ea lesela le likonopo tse entseng junifomo ea lihlopha tse fapa-fapaneng tsa lihlopha le tsa sesole le tse ileng tsa hlophisoa bocha nakong ea Leseli. Ho tsoa ho Battalion ea Santo Domingo, mohlala, ho na le mohlala oa tsoelo-pele e tšoeu eo likoti li entsoeng ka tsona bakeng sa masole, kapa likotoana tseo likoti le marikhoe li entsoeng ka tsona.
Setšoantšo se betliloeng sa baki ea junifomo ea Corps of Engineers ea 1751 General Archive of Simancas
Mehlala e rometsoeng e ne e sa felle feela liaparong tsa sesole. Ho ne ho boetse ho e-na le lithapo, seile, masela le lintho tse ling tse sebelisoang sesoleng leoatleng le naheng. Ebile hoa khoneha ho fumana mehlala ea litšepe tsa ho qhekella lisabole Lefapheng la Borena la Toledo, mehlala ea likulo tsa loto esita le lesela la ho thiba likulo tsa sethunya.
"Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsamaisana le lifaele kapa litlhaku tse buang ka eona tse hlalosang moelelo le ho li hlalosa"
Julia Rodriguez de Diego
Motsamaisi oa Simancas Archive
Ho boetse ho na le lichelete tsa tšepe, leha li tšoailoe e le tse emetseng tumello ea borena pele li etsoa. Le mehlala ea litiiso tsa boka. Mehlala e meng e neng e tsamaea le limmapa tsa Jorge Juan ho ea Marques de la Ensenada ho tloha 1749, e 'ngoe ea tsona e patiloe, ho ka baloa hore e' ngoe ea litempe e tsoa lifekthering tsa London 'me e' ngoe ke "e 'ngoe ea tse ntle, e entsoeng hae «.
Joalokaha Rodríguez de Diego a hlalositse, "ha ho makatse ho senngoa ha lisampole tsena har'a litokomane tsa lekholo la XNUMXth", ho fanoe ka tšusumetso eo ba khantšitsoeng ba neng ba batla ho e fana ka tsoelo-pele libakeng tsohle: moruo, sesole, temo ... "E e amana le litokomane tse ntle tsa tšoantšetso le tse hlakileng tse teng ho tloha lekholong leo la lilemo, ka tlhahiso e tsotehang ea litokomane tse hlakileng tsa mesebetsi eohle ea meralo e entsoeng lebaleng la sesole (libaka tsa sesole, li-arsenal, likoung, joalo-joalo) le mosebetsi oa boenjiniere ba sechaba (marokho, litsela le lifeme tsa masela , koae, libetsa…”, dice.
Likotoana tse le 'ngoe
Lintho tse ling li bolela pale ea tsona. Joalo ka tricolor cockade ea Seboka sa Naha sa Fora sa 1789, selemo sa Phetohelo, se ileng sa amoheloa ka limmapa tse fapaneng ho tsoa ho mohoebi Vasco Fermín de Sansineea tse amanang le litaba tsa Amerika le liphasepoto. Kapa senotlolo sa sefuba se nang le lipampiri tsa Ntate Bernardo Ibáñez, Mojesuite oa Vitoria ea ngotseng mosebetsi profinseng ea Majesuite ea Paraguay.
Tricolor cockade ho tloha 1759 (ka holimo), senotlolo sa lebokose la Mojesuite Bernardo Ibáñez le lisampole tsa masela a lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo General Archive of Simancas
Tlaleho ea faele e bontša hore faele eohle ea 1762 e tsamaeang le litšebelisano tsa bohlokoa le lipampiri tsa Naha tse neng li tšoeroe ke Ibáñez 'me e hatisa hore ho phuthela ho ne ho saennoe ke Campomanes, e khethiloeng selemong sona seo sa lichelete ke Lekhotla la Castilla.
"Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsamaisana le lifaele kapa mangolo a buang ka eona, a e hlalosang le ho e hlalosa," ho boletse Rodríguez de Diego. Ntho ea decontextualized "e ikhethile", o tiisa.
Ka lebaka la hore lintho tsena li sotha litokomane tseo li rometsoeng ka tsona 'me li batla paballo le ts'ireletso e khethehileng, li theha pokello ea tsona ho AGS "e 'nileng ea botsoa le ho buisanoa ka kakaretso", ho tiisa molaoli oa polokelo, leha thahasello ea hae Ho ipapisitsoe le sehlooho se ntseng se batlisisoa. Mohlomong likotoana tse ling, tse kang leino, ha li kenelle lithutong tsa ba tlang Simancas bakeng sa litokomane. Empa e ntse e le tabatabelo e 'ngoe hape ea sebaka se ikhethileng, se amoheloang ke Unesco e le 'Memori ea lefats'e'.
