Lenane la Maikutlo a Bobolu la Transparency International 2022 le bonts'a (hape) Spain e tsitsitse boitekong ba eona ba ho thibela le ho loantša bobolu. Selemong sa bobeli se latellanang, naha ea rona e theola ntlha e le 'ngoe mabapi le selemo se fetileng, 'me e fumane lintlha tse 60/100 khatisong ena. Ka tekanyetso ena, hajoale e maemong a 35/180 maemong a lefats'e, moo e nkang phokotso ea lintlha mabapi le IPC 20211.
Le hoja lerotholi la ntlha e le 'ngoe, ha e le hantle, ha le emele phetoho ea lipalo-palo ho latela mokhoa oa Transparency International2, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa (ho nahanoa ka mokhoa oa histori) hore lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng Spain e tlohile ho tloha ho 65 (CPI). 2012) ho ea ho 60. (IPC 2022), le hore ho tloha 2019 Spain e theohile libaka tse hlano lefats'eng la boemo ba lefatše, ho tloha boemong ba 30/180 ka 2019 ho ea ho 35/180 ka 2022.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore tabeng ea Spain, CPI 2022 e thehiloe mehloling e robeli ea kantle3, eo har'a eona ho hlahelletseng Tlhahlobo ea Maikutlo a Phethahatso ea 2021 ea Seboka sa Lefatše sa Moruo, ho latela seo Spain e fokolitseng haholo palo ea sona. litekanyo tsa (i) litefo tse sa tloaelehang litšebeletsong tsa sechaba (ho theoha ka lintlha tse 0,45 ha li bapisoa le tsa selemo se fetileng), (ii) litefo tse sa tloaelehang tsa thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha (ho theoha ka lintlha tse 0,38) le (iii) liqeto tsa boahloli linyeoeng tsa bobolu (ho theoha ka lintlha tse 0,39. XNUMX ).
Ho tloha ho sena, ho bohlokoa ho botsa hore na ho tsitsipana hona ho bakoa ke eng, e leng nako e telele ha nako e ntse e feta le liphetoho tse ntseng li le teng, tse thibelang Spain ho hatela pele mabapi le pepeneneng, khahlanong le bobolu le puso e ntle, li loketse.
Ka kutloisiso ena, ho lokela ho hlakisoe hore tokiso ea Molao oa 19/2013, oa la 9 Tšitoe, mabapi le ponaletso, phihlello ea litaba tsa sechaba le puso e ntle e ntse e hlokahala. Sehlopha sa litsebi se ile sa thehoa ka har'a moralo oa Open Government Forum ba neng ba ntse ba sebetsa tokiso4 ena hantle, hoa ikoahlaea hore e sa tsoa bula mokhoa oa ho buisana le sechaba pele ho hlakisoa ha molao-motheo o fetotseng Molao oa 19/20135. , tokiso ea molao ona e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba e 'ngoe ea lihlooho tse ntseng li emetse Spain.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, taolo e nepahetseng ea lihlopha tsa thahasello (li-lobbies) boemong ba naha, le ho theoa ha ngoliso e le 'ngoe le e tlamang ea li-lobbies, le tsona li ntse li emetse. Kahoo, ka Pulungoana 2022, Lekala la Lichelete le Mosebetsi oa Sechaba le ile la phatlalatsa Sengoliloeng sa Molao mabapi le Ponaletso le Botšepehi Mesebetsing ea Lihlopha tsa Thahasello, tumello ea lona ea paramente e ntse e emetse6. Netefatsa ponaletso, botshepehi, le menyetla e lekanang bakeng sa dihlopha tsa bankakarolo ho fihlella diphetho tse hlokehang ho fokotsa dikotsi tsa bomenemene, bobodu, le dikgohlano tsa bankakarolo, ho ntlafatsa boleng ba diqeto tsa ho etsa diqeto, le ho phahamisa boemo bo hodimo ba botshepehi le ponaletso Ditsamaisong tsa Setjhaba. .
Tse ling tsa litaba tse kholo tse ntseng li emetse Spain ke phetoho ea Molao mabapi le ho se lumellane ha basebetsi tšebeletsong ea Tsamaiso ea Sechaba le ho thibela likhohlano tsa mekha e nang le thahasello, hammoho le tumello ea Molao bakeng sa ho sireletsa batho ba hlabang mololi) Taelo (EU) 2019/1937 ea Paramente ea Europe le Lekhotla la la 23 Mphalane, 2019, e amanang le ts'ireletso ea batho ba tlalehang litlolo tsa Molao oa Union, e fetisitsoe. Le hoja Spain e na le Bili tabeng ena7, e ntse e se na molao o lekaneng tabeng ena.
Leha ho bile le phatlalatso ea moralo oa Royal Decree bakeng sa ho theha ngoliso ea beng ba molemo8 le boiteko ba Spain ba ho hatela pele tabeng ena, ho khothaletsa pepeneneng ea beng ba molemo e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea liqholotso tse kholo, e leng E se e rarahane le ho feta. ka mor'a kahlolo ea Lekhotla la Toka la European Union (CJEU) e neng e thibela tokisetso ea 5th EU Directive khahlanong le ho soeufala ha chelete e neng e tiisa hore sechaba se fumana boitsebiso bo mabapi le botho ba lik'hamphani tse molemo9 .
Joalo ka ha Spain e lekile ho hatela pele selemong se fetileng lenaneong le tiileng la molao ho thibela le ho loants'a bobolu, matsapa a entsoeng ha a so lekane ho fihlela sena. Spain ha e na leano kapa leano le akaretsang le le pharalletseng khahlanong le bobolu, le nang le mokhoa o akaretsang mme le kenyelletsa mekhatlo eohle e khahlanong le bobolu ka kakaretso. Ho fana ka tiisetso ya moralo wa molao o lekaneng le o ntjhafatswang ntle le pelaelo ke mohato wa pele wa ho kgothaletsa maemo a hodimo a ponaletso le botshepehi tikolohong ya setjhaba mme, qetellong, ho kgothaletsa maano a betere a setjhaba a fellang ka bokgoni ba ho thibela bobodu le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba demokrasi e ntjha.
1. Sheba Tlaleho e felletseng ho: https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_Report_EN-web.pdf
2. Ho fumana lintlha tse ling mabapi le mokhoa oa CPI le mehloli, bona: https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_ShortMethodology-1.pdf, https://transparencia.org. es/ wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_SourceDescription-1.pdf le https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_TechnicalMethodology.pdf
3. Mehloli e robeli ea kantle e sebelisitsoeng ho CPI 2022 tabeng ea Spain e bile e latelang:
- Lipontšo tsa Puso e tsitsitseng ea Bertelsmann Stiftung 2022
- Tšebeletso ea Kotsi ea Naha ea 2022 ho tsoa ho The Economist Intelligence Unit
- Lipontšo tsa Kotsi ea Naha ea Global Insight 2021
- Tlhahlobo ea Maikutlo a Phethahatso ea 2022 ea Buka ea Selemo ea Competitiveness Center ea Lefatše ea IMD
– International Country Risk Guide 2022 ke PRS Group International
– Mefuta e fapaneng ea Demokerasi (V-Dem v. 12) 2022
– Patlisiso ea Maikutlo a Phethahatso ea Seboka sa Lefatše sa Moruo oa 2021
- Liphuputso tsa litsebi bakeng sa Morero oa Toka ea Lefatše oa 2021 Rule of Law Index
4. https://transparencia.gob.es/transparencia/transparencia_Home/index/Gobierno-abierto/Grupo-Trabajo-de-Reforma-Ley-de-Transparencia.html
5. https://www.hacienda.gob.es/es-ES/Normativa%20y%20doctrina/NormasEnTramitacion/Paginas/ConsultaAbiertas.aspx
6. Ho fumana tokomane ea menehelo e tsoang ho Transparency International Spain (TI-E) mabapi le Molao o Rala oa Ponaletso le Botšepehi Mesebetsing ea Lihlopha tsa Thahasello, bona: https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content /uploads/ 2022/12/2022_12_5_Aportaciones-APL-transparencia-de-las-actividades-de-los-grupos-intere%CC%81s-TI-Espan%CC%83a_VF.pdf
7. Sheba: https://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L14/CONG/BOCG/A/BOCG-14-A-123-5.PDF le https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/ Sebaka sa Thematic/Mosebetsi oa Molao/Litokomane/APL%20INFORMANTES.pdf
8. https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/AreaTematica/ActividadLegislativa/Documentos/Real%20Decreto%20creacion%20RETIR.pdf
9. Bona lintlha tse ling https://www.transparency.org/en/press/eu-court-of-justice-delivers-blow-to-beneficial-ownership-transparency le https://www.transparency.org / st/blog/cjeu-ruling-eu-public-ownership-profit-records-what-next-for-corporate-transparency
