TORA
Kupinda kwemanomano kwakatodhinda kuti ichaderedzwa. Imwe yacho, kushomeka kwehondo, mafuta uye zvombo izvo mauto aVladimir Putin akatambura mushure mekupinda munyika achitungamirwa naVolodimir Zelenski. Ukraine yave munzira yekuve guva revezvenhau reuto rinoratidzika kunge rakabuda muCold War. Uye nekuda kwe, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, matambudziko ekugadzirisa iyo inokwevera mberi. Matambudziko akatambura neSpanish Tercios panguva yekuwedzera kwavo muEurope yese uye kuti, kweanopfuura mazana matatu emakore, iyo Hispanic Monarchy yakakwanisa kuderedza. "Prodigies dzakadai seSpanish Way dzakagadzirwa, asiwo mazano ekudzivirira maconvoys panguva yekufambisa kwemushandirapamwe," munyori wenhoroondo Juan Víctor Carboneras, munyori we 'Spain hunhu hwangu: Hupenyu, kukudzwa uye mbiri muTercios', anotsanangurira ABC.
Carboneras zvakare mutungamiri we'Association 31 Enero Tercios', iyo -pamwe chete ne'Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau Art and History Foundation', iyo 'Asociación Amigos del Camino Español de los Tercios' uye 'Foundation Tercio de Extranjeros'- inotsvaga. kukwidza mari kuburikidza nemushandirapamwe wekupa vanhu vazhinji chirongwa che'Una pica en la Castellana'. Nayo, anotarisira kumisa chifananidzo chakatsaurirwa kuSpanish Tercios pakati peMadrid. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekuwana mazana maviri ezviuru zvemaeuro emuvezi Salvador Amaya, achifambiswa nemifananidzo yemupendi Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau, kupa hupenyu kunhamba shanu dzinogadzirazve varwi ava. "Tichava nenyanzvi dzepamusoro mumunda kuitira kuti chiyeuchidzo chive chakasimba sezvinobvira kune chokwadi chevarwi veTercios," anoudza ABC.
[DYA PANO KUENDA KUPEJI REMICROMENAZGO]
-Pane chinhu chakakosha mukupihwa kwemauto eSpanish Tercios?
Hongu, kuti tizive kuti kupihwa kwemauto kwakadii, zvakakosha kuziva, kutanga, kuti varwi vakafamba sei kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Iyo system yaive yakaoma, asi inoshanda. Korona ndiyo yaive main agent munetwork yese iyi. Chinhu chokutanga chaakaita kwaiva kutanga nhevedzano yemibatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzine ushamwari nezvimbi kuitira kuti abvumire varwi vake kupfuura. Chimwe chinhu chakaitwa maererano nemamiriro uye nguva. Ndosaka nzira dzaigara dzichichinja uye hatigone kutaura nezveimwe chete. Ipapo ndipo pakaungana mauto. Nzira yakakurumbira yaive Camino Español, iyo inofanirwa kubatwa senhoroondo yenhoroondo, uye kwete chimwe chinhu chakanangana. Gare gare varwi vakapfuura kubva kuItaly kana kuti kubva kuPeninsula pachayo kuenda kuFlanders.
- Maitiro ekutsanangura nzira yeSpanish?
Iyo Spanish Way yakatanga muna 1567 nekuda kwekudiwa kwekuendesa mauto akamira muItaly kuFlanders. Dambudziko nderekuti hazvaigona kuitwa nemugungwa nekuti English Channel yaive yakazara nechiRungu nemaFrench vaida kurwisa zvikepe zveCrown. Mhinduro yaive yekuvatora kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzakaunganidzwa nehumambo kubva kuMilan kuenda kuBrussels. Mukuita, yaive nzira yemakiromita 1.200 iyo yakakamurwa kuita nhanho. Mauto akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu nenzira yekuti zvishoma nezvishoma vaisvika mumaguta kuzotora zvekushandisa.
Chifananidzo cheTercios (purojekiti)
– Inodyarwa sei?
Iyo Spanish Way yaive dhizaini yekugadzira iyo zvese zvakadyarwa mwedzi isati yasvika. Muenzaniso ndewekuti paive nemakomisheni akatevedzana akapa chiziviso kunharaunda dzaizopfuura nemauto kuitira kuti zvinhu zvose zvagadzirirwa kusvika kwemauto. Pfungwa ichange iri yekuti, kana mauto achipinda mumatanho erwendo - chimwe chinhu chakafanana nezvavanoona mukuchovha bhasikoro - vachagara nevagari vemumaguta uye vaine chikafu chiripo. Hurongwa hwacho hwaibvumira maguta kuti apiwe uye ave nekwaniso yekugutsa zvinonyanya kukosha zvemurwi. Izvo zvaisagona kupa Mauto.
- Rubatsiro rweruzhinji rwaive sei?
Huwandu hwevanhu vaigarira varwi mune chimwe nechimwe chezvinhanho vaisungirwa kuendesa nhevedzano yemombe, mabhiza nemanyurusi, kubatsirawo kutakura zvinhu uye masoja akarembera kwemazuva maviri nematatu. Zvaienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Pashure penguva iyoyo, zvinhu zvose zvakadzokera panzvimbo yacho.
- Russia inogona kudzidza chimwe chinhu kubva kune ino system?
Kana tikaenzanisa nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino, umo tinoona kuti Russia ine matambudziko nekuda kwekuwandisa, tinofungidzira kuti tichafamba varume 10.000 7.000 uye 1.200 vagari vemo pamusoro pemakiromita XNUMX muEurope yose. Kugadzira sisitimu inofarira uye inogonesa iyi yaive feat.
- Munguva yemushandirapamwe, kurwiswa kwemitsara yekugovera kwakajairika?
Muhondo muFlanders, kurwiswa uye kurwisana panguva yekufamba kwemauto kwaiitika kakawanda. Isu tine tsika yekubatanidza hondo nehondo huru, asi izvi handizvo. Makwikwi aive pachena haana kuzviona. Pane kudaro, chinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndechekuti mumisha midiki makaita kurwisana kana kumukirana nemauto evavengi. Zviito izvi zvakaratidzwa mukupenda kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX nekuda kwevaimbi vakaita saBrahms kana David Teniers. Mukupedzisira zvine musoro: zvaive zvakanakira kucheka mitsara yeanopikisa kana kurova mayunitsi aifora kuenda kumberi kusimbisa kukomba. Nokudaro, vakanetesa mutsara wakanga uri panzvimbo. MuFlanders iwe uchave wakakwana nekuti madaro haazokurebe iwe.
-Ndeapi aive 'manomano' ekunzvenga kumhanyidzana nemuvengi?
Pakatanga rwendo, kwaigarotsvakwa kuti pave nomunhu ari pedyo nekwaanogara kubva panzvimbo imwe chete yokubva. Zvaibatsira nekuti vakagadzira mamepu enzira dzinokurudzirwa kudzivirira kurwiswa nevavengi. Ava vaitungamirirwa kuti vaurayiwe kana vabatwa. Kwaivewo nemasappers akaenderera mberi nekuongorora mamiriro emigwagwa. Sezvineiwo, hapana nyaya dzakawanda apo pakanga paine varindi parwendo. Izvi tinozviwana chete mumisasa.
-Ko iyo Tercios ichadzivirira sei iwo mitsara yekugovera kubva kutemwa?
Kufora kwaigaroitwa nenzira inotevera. Pakutanga, kambani yearquebusiers yakaiswa muvanguard uye ipapo, pakati, kutyisa kwemauto kwakaiswa. Vagari vemo vaiperekedza mhirizhonga, vatengesi nevatengesi vemumigwagwa vaivepowo pano-zvakakosha kuti vawane zvigadzirwa izvo Mauto aisakwanisa kuwana-. Vakagadzira iya inonzi 'Army queue', maive makatakurwa mikwende yese nemikwende. Kumashure, kune zvakare kambani yearquebusiers kurwisa kurohwa nemakororo kana vavengi. Iyi sisitimu yakaitika mumamiriro matatu akasiyana: paSpanish Way, panguva yekufamba pakati pezvinzvimbo kana pakufamba kuenda kuhondo.
Wechitatu wekupedzisira, naAugusto Ferrer-Dalmau
- Mitsetse yekugovera inoiswa sei mukukomba?
Izvi zvakadzidzwa zvishoma. Chiri pachena kwatiri ndechekuti kwaigara kune nhevedzano yemativi pedyo nenzvimbo yekukomba iyo yakapa mauto akakomba. Iyo vivanderos yaibva ikoko, semuenzaniso, iyo yaifarira kuti vatengese zvigadzirwa kune contingent. Asi ndinosimbirira, kuchine tsvakurudzo yakawanda inofanira kuitwa nokuti, kunze kwekuti pakanga pane zvibvumirano nevashambadzi uye vatengesi kuti vatakure zvinhu zvakadai semvura uye zviyo, tinoziva zvishomanana.
- Saka, hukama nevanhu veko hwakatsvakwa ...
Kupfuura nehuwandu hwevanhu, nevasipo vambotaurwa. Muenzaniso waMiguel de Cervantes panguva yehuipi hunonzi Armada Invincible. Akanga ari asentista uyo akaita chibvumirano neCrown iyo yakamumanikidza kuendesa zvokudya, kunyanya gorosi, mukutsinhana nemari yakati. Izvi zvakaitika zvakafanana muFlemish neItaly ndima. Zvibvumirano zvakaitwa nevanhu vaigona kugovera Tercios, nokuda kwevaiva navo. Vanhu ava vakaenda kumataundi nemisha kuti vandotora zvakanga zvakoniwa nevarwi. Nguva yakajairika.
- Mauto eRussia anoshaya chikafu uye anotambura nekuperevedza kwezuva nezuva maererano nezvekushandisa ... Sei, mupfungwa iyi, kutambura uye kutambura kwemurwi wevatatu?
Pane mufananidzo unouratidza zvakanaka. Yakapendwa naPeter Snayers uye inoratidza kukomba kweAire-sur-la-Lys. Mariri varwi vanoratidzwa vanenge sevapemhi. Mauto aiva neupenyu hwakaoma zvikuru panguva iyoyo. Simba rekushandisa rinonyanya kuenderana nekeke rinenge rakasarudzika. Nokufamba kwenguva yaiperekedzwa nechizi (iyo yakanga ine betsero yokuti yaisada kubikwa uye kuita kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvive nyore), nyama yakarungwa nomunyu, hove, kana kuti zvidyo zvikuru zvaiiswa mundiro dzakaora, sezvatinoudzwa namautre akawanda. Kune izvi zvese zvakawedzerwa mamwe mamiriro ekunze akashata. Uyewo yeuka kuti zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Italy muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX yakanga isina kufanana neNorth Africa, uko zvinetso zvokugovera zvakanga zvakakura zvikuru. Nhasi rondedzero yezvipo zvakatakurwa kubva kuSicily neNaples kuenda kuLa Goleta kana Tunis zvichiri kuchengetwa. Izvozvo zvakanga zvakaoma uye zvaisanganisira mari yakawanda.
- Zvakaita sei kudyara mishandirapamwe kubva pakuona kwekupa? Ndofunga zvakasiyana neazvino...
Zvose zvakasimwa pachine nguva mberi. Makore, chaizvoizvo. Mushandirapamwe wakatungamirirwa uye zvose zvaidiwa zvakatorwa kubva panguva yekutanga. The Great Armada ya1588 yakagadzirirwa kwemakore akati wandei, semuenzaniso. Kungwara ikoko - Felipe II ainzi 'mambo akangwara' nekuda kwekungwarira kwake - kwakaunza mutsauko.
- Tinofanira kurangarira sei gadziriro iyi yose?
Ndinoda kusimbirira kuti hurongwa hwekutenga zvinhu hwakanga hwakaoma uye hunosanganisira basa revanhu vazhinji. Mazana avarume akazvitsaurira kumutambo iwoyo. Yakanga yakanaka panguva iyoyo. Iko kwete chete paCamino Español. Pane imwe peninsula paive nenhevedzano yehurongwa hwaifambisa pekugara kwevarwi, kufora kuenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana ... Kungotipa pfungwa yedu pachedu: pakati pe44 ne50 makambani anovharirwa gore rega rega. Fungidzira kuti zvinorevei maererano nezvinyorwa, kugadzirira ... Zvakanga zvakaoma kutaura zvishoma.
– Tichitaura nezvaPhilip II… Unofungei nezvezvakataurwa naZelensky?
Yakafemerwa nepfungwa yakapararira, yakatsigirwa muchikamu neBlack Legend, yechiratidzo chinosunungura cheHolland. Ivo vakaumbwa pakutenda kwerudzi rwekuti Netherlands yaive pamutemo panguva yekupikisa Mambo weSpain, apo chokwadi chinopesana zvachose neizvozvo. Kuongorora hondo muFlanders kunotaurira kukanganisa kwedu, kutanga kwezvose, iyo iyo kukakavara kwakaitika nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akawanda, uye kwete chete nezvikonzero zvezvematongerwe enyika. Paivawo nezvikonzero zvechitendero zvakaita sekukura kwechiCalvinism, dzimwe mhuri dzepamusoro dzaida simba rakawanda, uye dambudziko rehupfumi rinotyisa. Hatigone kudzikisa zvese kune zvinotsanangurwa mukutaura. Pakupedzisira, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mauto eCrown aive mazhinji eWalloon, izvo zvinoreva kuti kunetsana kwacho kwaive, asi, hondo yevagari. Kuona Firipi II semudzvinyiriri, paakanga ari mambo wepamutemo wedunhu reFlemish, aine pfungwa dzerudzi rwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX hazvina musoro.
