Dambudziko redzimba, kunze kweMadrid, pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi27 - ABCIsrael Viana@Isra_VianaMadridUpdated: 04/2023/01 32:XNUMXh
"Haavake dzimba kana kuzovaka," Alberto Núñez Feijoo akashora Pedro Sánzchez panguva yekutonga yakaitwa neChipiri muSeneti. Hasha dzakawedzera apo Mutungamiriri weHurumende akavimbisa, aine ziso pasarudzo dzeM28M, kuvaka dzimba dzevanhu zviuru makumi maviri panzvimbo yeBazi reDziviriro. "Ndicho chishamiso chepaneru uye pasi," akadaro mutungamiri wevanopikisa, achitaura nezvedambudziko rakakura iro ringaite serichangobva kuitika, asi handizvo.
Kuwana pekugara kwevepakati nepasi vekirasi iyo Sánchez yave kuda kuita mushandirapamwe nekuisa Rajoy, Zapatero, Aznar nevatungamiriri vekare mudambudziko. Aifanira kutarisana pamberi paFranco, Azaña, Primo de Rivera nevatungamiriri vakasiyana veKudzoreredza.
Uye nanhasi, nemarendi padenga uye mutengo wekutenga wakakwira, inoramba ichisimudza mablister pakati pevaSpanish.
MuSeneti, Feijoo akataura kuti, kubva Sánchez asvika kuMoncloa, "kuvakwa kana kuunganidzwa kwedzimba dzinopfuura 420.000" kwakaziviswa, asi "hapana akapfeka kana anowanikwa kune veSpanish." Mutungamiri weHurumende, kune chikamu chake, haana kuzeza kuburitsa chifuva chake uye kuona kuti mubatanidzwa waizotanga "kukurudzira kukuru kwedzimba dzeveruzhinji uye dzinodhura dzekurenda munhoroondo yedemokrasi." Asi kana tikatarisa kumashure, dambudziko rinobva kure.
Munguva yekudzorerwa kwaElizabeth II kwakanonoka, pakati pe1833 na1868, zvisinei, akatanga kuteerera. Muna 1853, Gurukota rake reInterior, Pedro de Egaña, akarayira magavhuna ehurumende yeMadrid neBarcelona kuti vave "dzimba dzevarombo" uye kuti hapana kuzvipira kweanopfuura 120 reales pamwedzi. Muna 1881, panguva yeKudzoreredza, mutemo wakadzikama 'Kuvaka Kwevashandi' Vavakidzani' wakabvumidzwa, uyo wakabvumidza Hurumende nemakanzuru kupa nzvimbo yemahara kune vavaki kuitira kuti vavake nharaunda dzisingapfuure zana, kana kupfuura mbiri. pasi, kana Kuti mutengo wayo wekutengesa wakakura kudarika 100 pesetas kana 2.000 yekurenda.
+ info Vanodzima moto nevamiririri, vachidzinga imba munharaunda yeInjurias, muna 1906 - ABC
“Muunganidzwa wedzimba”
Chokwadi ndechokuti, muzana remakore rechi1885, nharaunda dziri kunze kwemaguta makuru dzakanga dzisiri nyaya yaifarirwa nevepepanhau. Gore rapfuura takaudza ABC kuti, kusvika muna XNUMX, hapana mutori wenhau akaonekwa achipinda mavari kuti ashore mamiriro ezvinhu epasina vanhu aigara vavakidzani vavo. Wekutanga aive Julio Vargas, ane nhoroondo dzebepanhau re'El Liberal' nezvenzvimbo isingachashandi yeLas Injurias muMadrid ndiyo yaive huchapupu hwekutanga huchishora dambudziko redzimba muSpain. Ani naani aida kusvika ikoko, akazivisa, aifanira "kuwira pasi pemikova yevhu kusvika kumupata wakafara."
Pamberi paVargas, iwe waifanira kuenda kune zvekurapa-hutsanana mishumo kuti uone kuti chii chaiitika munzvimbo dzinonzi "dzakanyanya" kana "rima" nharaunda, iyo mutori wenhau akatsanangura se "jumble yedzimba, nhamo uye zvisingaverengeki zvinotyisa." Mumakore iwayo, Madrid yakanga ichiri kumanikidzirwa mukati memadziro ayo, ayo makore akarembera akadzivisa kuwedzera kwayo pasinei nokukura kwevanhu. Kududza zuva, London pakati pezana ramakore rechi 200.000 yakanga ine vagari vane mamiriyoni maviri, zvichienzaniswa neXNUMX muguta guru reSpain. Pasinei neizvi, guta guru reSpain raive nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu.
Hazvifaniri kukanganwika kuti, mumakumi emakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechiXNUMX, kwaiva nekufamba kwakakosha zvikuru kubva mumusasa, izvo zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwemisha mumaguta makuru, zvokuti vagari vemo varombo vakapedzisira vapararira munzvimbo dzine tsvina. . , pasina zvirongwa zveutsanana kana kutarisirwa kwevanhu. Mamiriro ezvinhu akashoropodzwawo nevamwe vanhu vakaita saBenito Pérez Galdós naPío Baroja, izvo zvakakonzera kushushikana kwakanyanya kune zviremera.
“Nyaya dzevarombo”
Mutemo wakataurwa we1881 wakatungamira, makore maviri gare gare, pakusikwa kweKomisheni yeKugadziriswa Kwemagariro uye, muna 1903, kuInstitute for Social Reforms. Zvisinei, hapana kana imwe yemasangano ehurumende iyi yakakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko, sezvakatsoropodzwa neABC mune imwe nyaya yakabudiswa naPablo J. Solas muna 1904: "Tenga chikamu chevhu, upe mugadziri wekuvaka imba, kuvaka keji ne. makamuri maduku akawanda, maduku zvikuru uye asina sirin’i yakakwirira kwazvo; shandisa mumudziyo zvinhu zvakawanda zvakachipa, zvichibva pakuparadza, sezvaunokwanisa, uye zvishongedze nenzira yemazuva ano. Kana zvichikwanisika kuva nevanoroja makumi matanhatu mumazana emamita emamita, vakagoverwa pakati pepasi uye zvishanu pasi pamusoro payo, dambudziko rinogadziriswa. Kuti makamuri maduku zvikuru? Hazvina basa! Kuti hapana kana mweya unofema here? Hazvina basa! […] Mhosva ndeyekuwana mubereko wakanaka pamari yakasimwa muchivako, kuti zvimwe zvese inyaya ”.
Makore maviri mushure mechinyorwa ichi, pakange paine kurudziro yekupa rubatsiro uye kusabhadharirwa mutero kumakambani ese ekuvaka akazvipira kune yakakurumbira pekugara mumaguta. Yakateverwa nemapurojekiti akasiyana-siyana akadzivirirwa nevezvematongerwo enyika senge muvambi weautogyro, Juan de la Cierva, kusvika June 12, 1911 pakaitika iyo yakakurumbira 'Mutemo weDzimba Dzimba Dzakaderera'. Izvi zvakagadziridzwa mukati menguva yemakore matatu yevamutsiridzo yeMutungamiriri weHurumende José Canalejas, uyo akanga akabatikana nekuvaka dzimba itsva pamwe chete nekugadzirisa nekuchenesa dzakasakara, chero bedzi dzaizadzisa nhevedzano yezvinodiwa.
Vakabatsirwa, somuenzaniso, vaisagona kuwana mari inopfuura 3.000 pesetas muna 1912. Iyi mari yakakwira kusvika ku4.000 muna 1919, uye 5.000 muna 1921. s maindasitiri, chero bedzi asingasvibisi vatengi kana kutengesa zvinwiwa zvinodhaka. Mutemo wakagadzawo nhevedzano yezviyero zvehutsanana, zvakaita sekuti mhuri dzingasapfuure makumi mana dzaigona kugara nharaunda imwe neimwe uye dzimba dzinofanirwa kunge dziine hurefu hwakanaka uye dzive nemapindu nenzvimbo dzisina kugadzirwa.
+ infoVagari vekupedzisira vemunharaunda yeInjurias, vachisiya dzimba dzavo muna 1906 - ABC
Vanobatsirwa
Sokutsanangura kunoita Luis Arias González munyaya yake ‘Las Casas Baratas (1911-1937), muedzo mukuru wokutanga wedzimba dzenzanga muSpain’: “Pasinei nenhevedzano dzakanaka dzayakazvarwa nadzo, zvokwadi ndeyokuti yakakundikana chose chose. Zvakabudirira zvakaitwa zvaive zvishoma nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zvakawandisa zvehutongi, kushaikwa kwekutora chikamu kweanemic uye zvikwereti zvemaguta uye kubatanidzwa kushoma kwemasangano ezvemari ayo, nenzira kwayo, haana kuona chero purofiti yehupfumi mupurojekiti. Kutsoropodza kubva kumapato nemasangano evashandi kwakaratidza kuti mutemo uyu waingofarira vepakati uye vepamusoro vepamusoro.
"Zvisinei, hurongwa hwemutemo hwavakasimudzira huchave hunogara huchitariswa mumitemo yese inotevera uye muzviito zvakatevedzana kusvika nhasi", munyori akawedzera nezve iyi yekutanga 'Cheap Homes Law' yaive ichishanda kusvika 1922. payakatsiviwa nesekondi umo kutenga kwairamba kuchikurira mari yokurenda. Musiyano muduku bedzi wakatangwa, asi wakanga une zvipingamupinyi zvakafanana, izvo zvakaita kuti muuyo wawo uodze mwoyo.
Kuburikidza nazvo, tichavaka dzimba dzinopfuura chiuru nemazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe mumaguta makuru akadai seMadrid, Barcelona, Valencia neSeville kubvira 1.290, asi Primo de Rivera akafunga kuita mutemo wechitatu waifungidzira zvakawanda zvefungidziro yapfuura. Mudzvanyiriri akatanga rubatsiro rwakakwana rwakavhara pakati pegumi ne1924% yemutengo wakazara wedzimba uye makanzuru akamanikidzwa kusarudza nzvimbo kuitira kuti ivo pachavo vavake dzimba idzi dzakachipa, kutaura mamwe ematanho matsva.
La República
Kufarira kwekutanga, zvisinei, kwakadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma apo mutemo wechitatu uyu wakagumawo kuratidza kusasimba kwawo muna 1930, panguva yedambudziko guru rehupfumi rakakanganisa gore rekupedzisira rekutonga kwake, kunyanya basa rekuvaka. Izvi zvakakonzera kumiswa kwemabasa uye kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekushaikwa kwemabasa, pakupedzisira zvakafumura kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwakange kwaitwa nerupo rubatsiro rwehurumende, pakati pehumwe huwori hune chekuita nekusimudzirwa kwemacooperatives.
Nekuziviswa kweSecond Republic muna 1931, kuyedza kuwedzera kushanda kwemacooperative aya kugadzirisa matambudziko edzimba dzevashandi, asi Hurumende yakaita kuwedzera mutemo wapfuura. Ivo vakangochinja zvimwe zvidiki zvidiki zvekutaura nezvekuvandudzwa kwemitengo yedzimba kana mari yevanofungidzirwa kuti vanowana. Semuenzaniso, akave nepamuviri kusikwa kweSocial Credit Service iyo yaizopa rubatsiro kumakambani aya.
Chiyero chega chakatenderwa neveRepublicans, muna 1935, yaive Salmon Law, yaive nechinangwa chekusimudzira dzimba dzekurojesa kuburikidza nekusabhadhara mutero. Yakatemerwa panguva yeConservative biennium uye yakanangidzirwa zvakanyanya kumakirasi epakati uye kune vezvemabhizinesi vakavakira kurenda kupfuura kumakirasi anoshaya zvakanyanya. Kune izvi zvakawedzerwa kuti kugadziriswa kwemafaira ekubatsira kune Dzimba Dzakaderera kunomiswa zvachose. Mushure me coup d'état uye munguva yeHondo yeVanhu, mamwe matanho ekukurumidzira akange achiri kugadzirwa, sekuderedzwa kwerendi, kugara kwedzimba dzisina chinhu uye kutorwa kwedzimba dzakarasikirwa nedivi rinopikisa, asi iyi yanga isiri nguva yekufunga. pamusoro pazvo.
+ infoChronicle yekutsakatika kwenharaunda yeInjurias - ABC
udzvanyiriri
Hondo payakangopera, mukati menhambo yekamera nekadhi rezvokudya iro rakanga riri basa rokutengesa, vanhu vanopfuura mirioni vakasiya upenyu hwavo hwokumaruwa kuti vatamire kuguta guru. Pakutanga, dambudziko nekuda kwehudzvanyiriri raigoneka, asi pakati pa1951 na1960 mamwe maSpaniard 2,3 miriyoni akawedzera. Izvi zvakakonzera kukura kukuru kwemaguta akaita seMadrid, Barcelona neBilbao. Vakatarisana nekusaita kweKuvapa nzira yekubuda nehurumende, misha yezvitangwena yakaonekwa kunze kwemaguta aya, akadai seOrcasitas nePozo del Tío Raimundo muguta guru uye La Mina kana Verdún muBarcelona.
Franco akasimudzira mutemo wekugara kwevanhu, waakatora chirongwa chekare cheKudzoreredza. Kuedza kwake kwakatanga musi waKubvumbi 19, 1939, paakasika National Housing Institute uye akatanga zvirongwa zvitatu: dzimba dzakatsigirwa, dzimba dzakatsigirwa, uye dzimba dzine mari shoma. Muna 1950, apo kuedza kwehurumende yeFranco kwakatanga kugamuchirwa nenyika dzepasi rose, Hurumende yakaverenga kuti muSpain makanga muine dambudziko remisha yemiriyoni imwe yekuita chirongwa chayo che "mhuri imwe, imba imwe". Kutarisana nedambudziko iri risingaperi, pakati pemakore makumi mashanu, mudzvanyiriri akatanga Ministry of Housing.
Muchinyorwa chake 'Pamadhaka aya, madhaka aya', Ramón Beltrán Abadía akatsanangura: asi ndiani, nekutenda kwavari, aigona kuvatenga, uye, saka, kuendesa mari yavo yekuchengetera zvivakwa. Muchidimbu, rubatsiro rwedzimba haruna kugoverwa, kunze kwezvikamu zvemukati, kune avo vaisakwanisa kuwana pasina iyo, asi, zvisina kunanga, kune indasitiri yekuvaka, chikwata nevaridzi veminda ".
Dambudziko rakaenderera mberi, nenguva dziri nani uye dzakaipa, demokrasi yakarembera. Hapana mutungamiri, kusvikira mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kuti vechidiki vawane dzimba - kunyanya mumaguta makuru-, akakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko racho zvachose. Sanchéz ave kutsvaga "chishamiso chechingwa nepasi" uye Feijoó anosimbirira kuti "haavake dzimba kana kuzovaka."
