Mapangidwe asanu a Chigwa cha Pagwa ndi mtanda wake omwe adaganiziridwa ntchito yomaliza isanachitike - ABCIsrael VianaMadridUpdated: 18/11/2022 00:19h
"La Cruz inali vuto lathu," adavomereza ABC, mu 1957, katswiri wa zomangamanga yemwe anayambitsa chigwa cha Valley: Diego Méndez. Amalankhula za chipilala chachikumbutso chachikulu komanso chotsutsana chomwe Isabel Díaz Ayuso akuyesera kuchiteteza mwalamulo, patatha zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi chikhazikitsidwe, malinga ndi zomwe boma lachigawo lauza nyuzipepalayi. Kuposa matani a 200.000 a konkire ndi simenti, mamita 150 kuchokera pansi ndi mamita 46 m'manja mwake, zomwe pulezidenti wa Community of Madrid akufuna kuteteza "kumenyana ndi chiwawa chilichonse."
Ayuso adzachita izi kudzera mu pulojekiti yatsopano ya Heritage Law yachigawo, yomwe imakhazikitsa mwayi wosunga, kutsatira njira zamakono, kutchuka kwa Cruz ndi zinthu zokongoletsera zogwirizana ndi zomangamanga zachipembedzo, malinga ngati akatswiri oyenerera amawona choncho.
Purezidenti wa Madrid adachitapo kanthu pankhaniyi, ngakhale kuti, zaka zitatu zapitazo, nduna yaikulu, Pedro Sánchez, adanena kuti "alibe vuto" ndi izo ndipo sanali kulingalira za kuwonongedwa kwake.
Mkangano, komabe, wazungulira chipilala ichi ndi Chigwa cha Kugwa kuyambira kufika kwa demokalase, monga umboni wa zofukula za Franco ndi José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Mu November 2010, mwachitsanzo, Forum for the Memory of the Community of Madrid ndi Social Forum ya Sierra de Guadarrama inapempha kuti iwonongeke mwamsanga: kubwezera ", adatsutsana.
"Kwa Franco ndi ine, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuwonetsa Mtanda pamwamba pa thanthwe lomwe lidakwera mitambo popanda kuwoneka ngati laling'ono kapena lonyansa mumayendedwe komanso molingana," Mendes, yemwe anali mlangizi wa National Heritage Architecture. adalozera mu 1957. kwa wolamulira wankhanza. Wonyamula katundu yemwe, kuwonjezera pa ntchito ku Valley of the Fallen, adatsogolera kumangidwanso kwa Palacio de La Granja, La Moncloa, Palacio de la Zarzuela, Reales Alcázares ku Seville, Monastery ya El Escorial ndi Nyumba ya amonke ya Las Descalzas de Madrid, pakati pa nyumba zina zakale.
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Mitundu yamtsogolo komanso mopambanitsa
Katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku Madrid adalemba pa ABC mpikisano womwe boma lidatsegulira, mu 1950, kwa aliyense amene akufuna kupereka malingaliro awo pamtanda waukulu womwe uyenera kukhala korona wa Chigwa cha Ogwa. Mitundu ingapo idafika yomwe nyuzipepalayi imasunga m'nkhokwe yake. Zina mwa izo zinali zazikulu kwambiri kuposa momwe zinakhalira, zina zinkawoneka kuti zatengedwa mufilimu yopeka ya sayansi, monga Francisco Cabrero, yomwe inkawoneka ngati yatsekeredwa m'tsogolomu. Zina mwazosowa ngati za Víctor d'Ors. Omanga odziwika bwino monga Pedro Muguruza ndi gulu lopangidwa ndi Luis Moya, Enrique Huidobro ndi Manuel Thomas adaperekanso ntchito zawo zopatsa chidwi komanso zapamwamba kwambiri.
Zambiri mwa zipilala zamalirozi zikadakhala zing'onozing'ono kwambiri ngati piramidi yayikulu ya konkriti yomwe idapangidwa mu 1940 ku Viscount ya Uzqueta, womanga Luis Moya ndi wosema Manuel Laviada adasankhidwa, omwe adafuna kuti apeze pakati pa Madrid osati mkati. San Lorenzo kuchokera ku El Escorial. Monga wofufuza komanso wofalitsa mbiri yakale a José Luis Hernández Garvi, wolemba 'Zamatsenga ndi zinsinsi za esoteric za Francoism' (Luciérnaga, 2017), adafotokozera ABC chaka chapitacho, "zinali zazikulu kuposa za Keops komanso njira yayikulu yochokera pamenepo. njira zinayi mbali iliyonse, zomwe zimakumbukira malingaliro a megalomaniac a Hitler ndi womanga wake, Albert Speer ".
Méndez sanawonekere pampikisanowo "chifukwa chakukoma koyambira." Chifukwa ankadziwa ndalama, zosayenera zinkawoneka. Komabe, Franco sanakonde aliyense wa okonza zam'tsogolo komanso opambanitsa. Wolamulira wankhanzayo adalengeza kuti sinali ntchito ndipo adapempha katswiri wa zomangamanga kuti ayambe kuyang'anira ntchitoyo. Anayenera kuvala tchalitchi chapansi panthaka chizindikiro chokhalitsa ndipo anayenera kukhala nacho mwamsanga: "Miyezi inadutsa ndipo sanapeze yankho. Tsiku lina, mosayembekezereka, pamene ndinali kuyembekezera ana anga asanu kuvala kuti apite ku misa, kutengeka, pafupifupi kuunika, pafupifupi chida chongokhala, pensulo m'manja yomwe ndinali kupanga arabesques pamapepala, ndinajambula Mtanda mosadziwa. popeza tsopano wakhomeredwa kumtunda waukulu.”
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"Palibe ngozi imodzi"
Chotero, mu July 1950 maziko anayamba ndipo, mu 1951, kumanga kwa mtanda. Zonse zidachitika mwachangu momwe, malinga ndi ABC, antchito opitilira 2.000 adatenga nawo gawo. Ena mwa iwo anali "makumi asanu ndi atatu opezeka olakwa," adatero Méndez. Kuchokera ku zomwe zinadziŵika pambuyo pake, ambiri a iwo anali akaidi a Republican ochokera ku Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni amene anatsirizira kufa mkati mwa ntchito ndi kuikidwa m’manda pansi pa miyala imeneyo. Otsutsa chipilalachi akuti kuyambira pachiyambi adabzalidwa ngati malo opumira a mbali zonse ziwiri zankhondo ndipo palibe kuchirikiza zonena kuti pafupifupi akaidi andale 27.000 adafera pakumanga kwake.
“Ndi nambala yopusa. Mabanja amenewo ali kuti? Akaidi 2.500 anagwira nawo ntchito yomangayo, amene ankatha kuyendayenda momasuka chifukwa anawonjezera ululu ndi masiku a ntchito. Panalibe anthu opitilira khumi omwe anamwalira pazaka 18 zantchito, "adatero senator ku BBC, mu 2010, senator wa Party Party Juan Van-Halen. Magwero ena otsutsana amalankhula za khumi ndi awiri, koma chiwerengero chenicheni sichinadziwike. Méndez nayenso anatsimikizira kuti: “Antchitowo anaboola mwala wa miyala, kukwera pamabwalo osatheka kutheka kuti agwire n’kumawomba zida za damu. Iwo ankasewera ndi imfa tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo ankaigonjetsa. Panthawi yomanga mtanda, ngozi imodzi inalembedwa.
Mu Epulo 2018, mabanja anayi adakwanitsa kupambana pankhondo yolimbana ndi Patrimony yomwe idawalepheretsa kubweza mabwinja a abale awo, omwe adamwalira mu Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ndipo adayikidwa m'manda ngati msonkho m'bokosi la mafupa a manda, kuseri kwa manda. ogwira ntchito amene anafera ntchito. Anali ma Republican awiri ndi ma Francoists awiri, ophatikizidwa mu 33.815 querpos omwe alipo, omwe 36% (12.410) amakhalabe osadziwika. Mndandanda wa zonse umapezeka pa webusaiti ya Unduna wa Zam'kati, kupatula kuti chidziwitsocho chili ndi manambala otchedwa ndipo ali ndi chiyambi chodziwika.
+ infoProject yolemba Luis Moya, Enrique Huidobro and Manuel Thomas for the Cruz del Valle de los Caídos - ABC
kugwedezeka
Méndez anauza ABC mu 1957, posakhalitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Valley of the Fallen, kuti pamwamba pa mtanda munthu akhoza kuona oscillation tcheru kuwonjezera pa mikono, anaphunzira mwanzeru, kumene, monganso anafotokoza ndi otsogolera alendo, " Magalimoto awiri amatha kuwoloka osakhudza." Kupitilira kulengeza uku, makulidwe ake amalola kuti azitha kukhala ndi masitepe ozungulira komanso elevator kuchokera pansi kupita kumanja. Ndi kuti Alaliki anayi a Juan de Ávalos, omwe amatalika mamita 18 aliyense, ayimidwe pamunsi pake.
Ntchito za Mtanda ndi tchalitchi chinatha mu 1958, powona kukwaniritsa maloto omwe Caudillo adawonetsa, mu 1940, mu Official State Gazette: "Ndikoyenera kuti miyala yomwe idakwezedwa ikhale ndi ukulu wa zipilala zakale, kuti iwo zovuta nthawi ndi kuiwalika ndipo ndi malo osinkhasinkha ndi kupumula kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo kuti ipereke ulemu kwa iwo omwe adawasiyira Spain yabwinoko ”.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa mlembi wa kuyankhulana ndi Méndez, Tomás Borrás, anthu ochokera m’mayiko ena anaona ntchito yomangayi mosiyana: “A Latinos amamvetsa; Anglo-Saxons, no. Amafunsa kuti phindu lawo nchiyani? Ndimawayankha 'palibe'. Ndipo azizwa ndi ntchito yeniyeniyo ndi zimene amazitcha ‘chachabechabe chake’”. Kwa wolemba komanso mtolankhani wochokera ku Madrid, komabe, "nkhani ya akatswiri opanga mafilimu" idagwiritsidwa ntchito.
