"Osasokoneza pomwe ikuphimba!" Ndi amodzi mwamawu omwe nthawi zambiri amamveka pamagombe aku Spain chilimwe chilichonse. "Umapanga cake apa?" Nthawi zambiri amafunsa makolo a anawo. Funso lomwe mainjiniya ochokera kudziko lamphepo zakunyanja amadzifunsa kuti akhazikitse mapaki am'madzi kapena am'mphepete mwa nyanja pagombe la dziko.
Makina oyendera mphepo a m'nyanja zikuluzikulu amasintha masamba awo kapena m'mawu a panyanja matanga awo kuti akhale m'malo mwa mafuta oyaka. Chaka chatha cha 2021, madera akunyanja adatulutsa mphamvu za 35,3 gigawatts (GW), zomwe zidapereka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a Britain. Mpikisano womwe Spain "ikufuna kupanga pakati pa GWh imodzi ndi zitatu mu 2030", malinga ndi mawu a Minister of Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge, Teresa Ribera.
"Panyanja tilibe chilichonse," akutero a Tomás Romagosa, wotsogolera zaukadaulo komanso wogwirizira gulu la Wind Energy Business Association (AEE).
Chofunikira m'dziko lomwe lili ndi ma kilomita opitilira 6.000 am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo izi zikuwonetsedwa m'mawu akuti: "Kodi mumapanga keke?". Yankho ndi lakuti ayi. "Magombe athu ndi akuya kwambiri," akuchenjeza Romagosa. "Ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lomwe limasiyanitsa Spain ndi kumpoto kwa Europe," akufotokoza motero Antonio Turiel, wofufuza wa CSIC ku Institute of Marine Sciences.
Nyanja yomwe imasambira ku United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, Belgium ndi Netherlands ili ndi kuya kwa mamita 700. Turiel anati: “Nyanjayi ndi yozama kwambiri komanso yosinthasintha anthu. Madzi awa amayang'ana 64% ya GW yopangidwa ndi mphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku 2021. "Ku Spain ndi yopapatiza kwambiri ndipo posakhalitsa imafika kumalo otsetsereka kumene, mwadzidzidzi, mumafika kuya kwa mamita 2.500 ku Mediterranean ndi kufika mamita 4.000 ku Atlantic. " . "Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa madera omwe akusowa chitukuko ku Spain", akuwulula Pablo Finkielstein, woyang'anira famu ya mphepo ya Siemens Gamesa ku Spain.
teknoloji ikupita patsogolo
Mtunda wofika pansi pa nyanja ndi imodzi mwa makiyi ogwiritsira ntchito luso lamakono lomwe lili kale zaka makumi atatu kumbuyo kwake. Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm inali famu yoyamba yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja m'mbiri ndipo inali ndi makina opangira mphepo 11, "ngakhale inali pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe", akutero Finkielstein, koma "idawonetsa kuthekera kwake".
Pakiyo idapeza mphamvu ya 4,95 megawatts yokhala ndi ma turbines khumi okhazikika pabedi la North Sea. "Tsopano luso lamakono lapita patsogolo", akuwonjezera munthu woyang'anira Siemens Gamesa. Masambawo ndi olimba kwambiri, okulirapo ndipo mphamvu yawo yakubadwa ndiyokulirapo. Komabe, nangula akadali "kutenga masitepe ake oyamba".
Famu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ikufuna kuyandama m'madzi aku Spain
Mitundu yama turbines m'nyanja
luso lokhazikika la simenti
luso loyandama la mphepo
nsanja ya semi-submersible
Mapulatifomu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Europe
nsanja ya semi-submersible
Famu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ikufuna kuyandama m'madzi aku Spain
Mitundu yama turbines m'nyanja
luso lokhazikika la simenti
luso loyandama la mphepo
nsanja ya semi-submersible
Mapulatifomu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Europe
nsanja ya semi-submersible
Pakadali pano, mwa ma megawati 28.210 omwe adayikidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, 99,6% ndi grouting yokhazikika. "Ku Spain, simungathe chifukwa cha kuya kwa nyanja," akutero María Moreno, General Manager wa Greenalia Power Spain. Yankho la ku Spain limadutsa mu "kuyandama" njira. "Dongosololi ndi lofanana, chifukwa m'badwo ndi womwewo, kungoti iwo ali pazinyumba zoyandama zomangika pansi ndi maunyolo", akuwonjezera.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwama prototypes omwe kampani yaku Galician ikufuna kuyika pagombe la Gran Canaria. Ndege zake zimadutsa pogwiritsa ntchito famu yamphepo yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 50 MW, "mphamvu zoperekera anthu okhala m'nyumba zopitilira 70.000," kampaniyo idafotokoza m'mawu ake. "Mphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mwayi waukulu ku Canary Islands, uyenera kukhala wofunika kwambiri," amathandizira Romagosa. "M'derali muli malo ambiri otsetsereka pamodzi ndi gombe la Cantabrian ndi gombe kutsogolo kwa Gerona," akuwonjezera.
Offshore wind Farm. – Iberdrola
Kubetcherana komwe kuli m'bwalo la zombo. "M'mwezi wa Disembala, Boma lidasindikiza njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphepo yamkuntho," adatero wogwirizira wa gulu logwira ntchito la mphepo yamkuntho ya AEE. Koma, 'malamulo achifumu ndi mautumiki akusowa'. "Malingaliro athu ndikuti ikhala itakonzeka kumapeto kwa chaka, kuti malonda oyamba azamalonda akhazikitsidwe kumayambiriro kwa chaka chamawa," akuyankha magwero ochokera ku Unduna wa Kusintha kwa Zachilengedwe ndi Demographic Challenge.
"Zoneneratu zathu ndizakuti malamulo okhudza mphamvu zamphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja adzakhala atakonzeka kumapeto kwa chaka" Unduna wowona zakusintha kwachilengedwe ndi Demographic Challenge.
Pamodzi ndi izi ndikusankha Maritime Space Management Plan (POEM) "kugawa madera a nyanja ndi ntchito zake," akutero Romagosa. "Tili m'mbuyo ndipo makampani sangayime," achenjeza Moreno.
Boma liganiza pakati pa 500 ndi 1.000 miliyoni zomwe ndalama zomwe zikufunika kuti zithandizire kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zamadoko ndikulimbikitsa makampaniwa. "Ndife amodzi mwa malo akuluakulu opanga mphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Europe, koma popanda msika wakumaloko sizingapitirire," adatero CEO wa Greenalia Power Spain.
Mphamvu zachilengedwe
Mwa malamulo omwe akuyembekezeka ku undunawu ndi momwe malowa amakhudzira chilengedwe. "Simenti yokhazikika imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe mumagwira," adatero Turiel. Pankhaniyi, tikukamba za mzati waukulu "wokhazikika pansi", ndemanga wofufuza wa CSIC. "Ndi ntchito yovuta," akuchenjeza mkulu wa mphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Siemens Gamesa ku Spain.
Ntchito yomanga nyumbazi ikuchitika pa doko, kumene pambuyo pake amasamutsidwa ku nyanja zazikulu kuti akonze pansi. "Ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa pamtunda komanso mtengo wa sitimayo umasiyana pakati pa 250.000 ndi 300.000 euros patsiku," adatero Finkielstein. "Kenako zimathetsa kupanga mphamvu."
Umu ndi momwe famu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja imagwirira ntchito
Magetsi opangidwa mu jenereta amachitikira mkati mwa nsanja
Chosinthiracho chinasintha magetsi achindunji kukhala alternating current
Transformer imakweza voteji (33 kV - 66 kV) kuti anyamule magetsi kupyola paki
Magetsi amaperekedwa kudzera mu zingwe zapansi pamadzi kupita ku substation
Pamalo ang'onoang'ono, magetsi amasinthidwa kukhala magetsi apamwamba (+150 kV)
Magetsi amatengedwa kudzera mu netiweki yogawa kupita kunyumba
Umu ndi momwe famu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja imagwirira ntchito
Magetsi opangidwa mu jenereta amachitikira mkati mwa nsanja
Chosinthiracho chinasintha magetsi achindunji kukhala alternating current
Magetsi amatengedwa kudzera mu netiweki yogawa kupita kunyumba
Pamalo ang'onoang'ono, magetsi amasinthidwa kukhala magetsi apamwamba (+150 kV)
Transformer imakweza voteji (33 kV - 66 kV) kuti anyamule magetsi kupyola paki
Magetsi amaperekedwa kudzera mu zingwe zapansi pamadzi kupita ku substation
Komabe, kusinthanitsa kwachilengedwe sikunawonekere bwino. “Ndi ntchitoyi amawononga pansi pa nyanja yonse,” anachenjeza motero Turiel. Zomwezo zimachitikanso ndi yoyandamayo, chifukwa imatengera maunyolo omwe amagwera pansi ndipo amatha kusesa pansi ndikuyambitsa kukokoloka kwakukulu.
Zomwe tidzakhala nazo pa nthawi ya kukhazikitsa, ngati si nthawi ya moyo wothandiza wa pakiyo, yomwe "nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa zaka 25 kapena 30," akukumbukira Finkielstein. Ma turbine amphepo amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake ndi zingwe zomwe zimatsikira kwa oyendetsa, ngati simenti yokhazikika, kapena kuyimitsidwa, ngati yoyandama, mpaka pansi panyanja. "Izi zimanyamula magetsi ambiri ndipo zimatha kusokoneza kapena kuyimitsa Animaux," anachenjeza Turiel.
Pakafukufuku wake wofalitsidwa m'magazini yotchedwa Science of the Total Environment, Turiel akugwirizana ndi gulu la ofufuza a ku Spain kuti ateteze kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapaki m'madera otetezedwa a Mediterranean. "Kumveka, kugwedezeka ndi ma elekitiromagineti a zingwe zimatha kupangitsa kuti nsomba zichepe," akutero Turiel.
Momwemonso, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti zotsatira zake sizongokhudza gombe, koma zidzafikanso kumatauni a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Anthuwa akuyenera kukhala ndi zomangamanga (misewu yolowera, malo ocheperako, mizere yotumizira magetsi kapena zinthu zosakhalitsa) zomwe zitha kuwononga zachilengedwe zosalimba, monga ma buffers.
