CO2 imakhala yodziwika kwambiri kuposa methane ikafika pamipweya yotenthetsa dziko lapansi yomwe ikufulumizitsa kutentha kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, yachiwiri iyi imadumphira pamitu yankhani pokamba za mpweya wochokera m'mafamu a ng'ombe. Komabe, mawu ochulukirachulukira a akatswiri amanena kufunika kwa mpweya umenewu pobzala njira zothetsera kusintha kwa nyengo.
Lipoti laposachedwa (February 2022) lochokera ku International Energy Agency likuwonetsetsa kuti methane ndiyomwe imayambitsa 30% ya kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kuyambira chiyambi cha Industrial Revolution.
Koma zoona zake n'zakuti kulemera kwake mu seti ya mpweya woipitsa kungakhale kwakukulu kuposa momwe ankakhulupirira kale.
Izi zatsitsimutsidwa ndi lipoti lina laposachedwa lomwe lagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za satellite kuyesa mpweya wa methane kuchokera kumakampani amafuta ndi gasi.
Zomwe zafikapo ndikuti ndi zazikulu kuposa zozindikirika. Zotulutsa zazikulu za methane zomwe sizinafotokozedwe zimabweretsa zosakwana 10% zamafuta ovomerezeka a methane ndi gasi m'maiko asanu ndi limodzi omwe amapanga.
Kutanthauziridwa mu ziwerengero, toni iliyonse ya methane yomwe sinaphatikizidwe m'malipoti ovomerezeka ndi yofanana ndi madola a 4,400 pa nyengo ndi ozone ya pamwamba, zomwe zimabweretsa thanzi la anthu, zokolola za ntchito kapena zokolola, pakati pa ena.
Ndi chiyani ndipo amapangidwa kuti?
Methane ndi mpweya wopanda mtundu komanso wopanda fungo womwe umapangidwa mwachilengedwe kuchokera ku kuwonongeka kwa zomera. Njira zachilengedwezi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mpweya wa biogas ndipo zimatha kukhala mpaka 97% ya gasi. M'migodi ya malasha amatchedwa firedamp ndipo ndi yoopsa kwambiri chifukwa chosavuta kuyaka.
Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku chilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala (30%), madambo (23%), kuchotsa mafuta oyaka (20%) ndi kagayidwe ka nyama, makamaka ziweto (17%).
N’chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika kwambiri kuposa mmene mukuganizira?
Methane imatengedwa kuti ndi yachiwiri ya gasi wowonjezera kutentha komwe kumakhudza kwambiri. Komabe, m'mbiri yakale sinapatsidwe kufunikira kofanana ndi CO2.
Mmodzi ndi winayo ali ndi khalidwe losiyana. Mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi umene wakhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri ndiponso wofala kwambiri. Zina zonse, kuphatikizapo methane, zimakhala zosakhalitsa ndipo zimatha msanga m'mlengalenga. Komabe, asayansi asonyeza kuti n’kothandiza kwambiri kutsekereza ma radiation a dzuŵa ndikuthandizira kwambiri kutentha. Zawerengedwa kuti ili ndi kuthekera kochulukirapo ka 36. Chifukwa chake kufunikira kolimbana nazo pafupifupi mulingo wofanana ndi CO2 yotchuka.
Kuti izi zitheke, European Union ili ndi Methane Strategy ya 2020. Kuphatikiza apo, ikukonzekera malamulo atsopano omwe amayang'ana pa mpweya uwu komanso omwe akufuna kuchepetsa mpweya wake.
Gawo la mphamvu (lomwe limaphatikizapo mafuta, gasi, malasha ndi bioenergy) ndilotsogoleranso pa udindo wotulutsa methane.
Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa International Energy Agency, pafupifupi 40% ya mpweya wa methane umachokera ku mphamvu. Pachifukwa ichi, bungweli limakhulupirira kuti kudziwa za vutoli ndi mwayi waukulu wochepetsera kutentha kwa dziko "chifukwa njira zochepetsera zimadziwika bwino ndipo, nthawi zambiri, zopindulitsa," amateteza lipotilo.
Ng'ombe, ili ndi mchira wa mpweya
Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kofala kuimba mlandu ng’ombe chifukwa chachikulu choyambitsa kuipa kwa methane? Choncho, ulimi siwomwe umayambitsa vuto lalikulu, ngati n'zovuta kuchepetsa mpweya wa methane umene umatulutsa ndipo zotsatira zophatikizana zaulimi zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kusintha kulikonse, ngakhale kochepa bwanji, mu gawoli kungakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu.
Kuyang'ana zochita zoyenera, ku COP26 maiko ayesa kuchepetsa mpweya wa methane ndi 30% pakati pa pano ndi 2030, zomwe zidapangidwa mu Global Methane Initiative.
Ku Ulaya, njira yoti athe kutsata mgwirizanowu idzayang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa mpweya wa methane m'magulu a mphamvu, ulimi ndi zinyalala, chifukwa maderawa akuyimira mpweya wonse wa methane ku Old Continent.
Ndondomekoyi ndikuyambitsa zochitika zenizeni m'gawo lililonse lazachuma ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wogwirizana pakati pamagulu (monga, mwachitsanzo, popanga biomethane).
