Mbiri yakale yobwereketsa nyumba kuyambira 1950 UK
Vuto la subprime mortgage crisis ya 2007-10 idayamba chifukwa chakukulirakulira kobwereketsa kobwereketsa, ngakhale kwa obwereketsa omwe m'mbuyomu akadavutika kuti apeze ngongole zanyumba, zomwe zidathandizira ndikuthandizidwa ndi kukwera kwamitengo yanyumba. M'mbuyomu, ogula nyumba ankavutika kupeza ngongole yanyumba ngati anali ndi mbiri yocheperako yangongole, alipira pang'ono, kapena akufunafuna ngongole zolipira kwambiri. Pokhapokha ngati atalipidwa ndi inshuwaransi ya boma, obwereketsa kaŵirikaŵiri amakana mapempho a chiwongola dzanja amenewo. Ngakhale mabanja ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu adatha kupeza ngongole zamtengo wapatali mothandizidwa ndi Federal Housing Administration (FHA), ena, omwe adakumana ndi njira zochepa zangongole, adachita lendi. Panthawiyo, umwini wa nyumba unali pafupifupi 65%, mitengo yotsekedwa inali yochepa, ndipo kumanga nyumba ndi mitengo makamaka zimasonyeza kusintha kwa chiwongoladzanja cha chiwongoladzanja ndi ndalama.
Kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, ngongole za subprime zinaperekedwa ndi obwereketsa omwe amapereka ndalama zogulira ngongole powaphatikizanso m'madziwe omwe anagulitsidwa kwa osunga ndalama. Zachuma zatsopano zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa zoopsazi, ndi zotetezedwa zachinsinsi zanyumba (PMBS) zomwe zimapereka ndalama zambiri zogulira ngongole za subprime. Zotetezedwa zocheperako zinkaonedwa kuti ndizowopsa, mwina chifukwa zidatetezedwa ndi zida zatsopano zachuma kapena chifukwa zotetezedwa zina zitha kutenga zotayika zilizonse pamangongole omwe ali pansi (DiMartino ndi Duca 2007). Izi zinapangitsa kuti ogula nyumba ambiri ayambe kupeza ngongole (Duca, Muellbauer, and Murphy 2011), ndipo chiwerengero cha eni nyumba chinawonjezeka.
Mbiri yamitengo yanyumba ku United States
Mu 1971, mitengo inali pakati pa 7 peresenti, ikukwera pang'onopang'ono kufika pa 9,19% mu 1974. Iwo anamira mwachidule mpaka pakati pa 8% asanakwere kufika 11,20 peresenti mu 1979. m'zaka khumi zotsatira.
M’zaka zonse za m’ma XNUMX ndi m’ma XNUMX, dziko la United States linakankhidwira m’mavuto chifukwa cha chiletso cha mafuta cholimbana ndi dzikolo. Bungwe la Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) lidakhazikitsa zoletsa. Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zake chinali hyperinflation, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wa katundu ndi mautumiki unakula mofulumira kwambiri.
Pofuna kuthana ndi hyperinflation, Federal Reserve idakweza chiwongola dzanja chanthawi yayitali. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ndalama zamaakaunti osungira ndalama zikhale zochulukirapo. Kumbali ina, chiwongola dzanja chonse chinakwera, kotero kuti mtengo wobwereka unakulanso.
Chiwongoladzanja chinafika pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri m'mbiri yamakono mu 1981, pamene chiwerengero cha pachaka chinali 16,63%, malinga ndi deta ya Freddie Mac. Zaka za m'ma 10 inali nthawi yodula kwambiri kubwereka ndalama.
Zaka 30 za ngongole zanyumba
Pakati pa Epulo 1971 ndi Epulo 2022, chiwongola dzanja chazaka 30 chinali 7,78%. Chifukwa chake ngakhale FRM yazaka 30 ikukwera pamwamba pa 5%, mitengo ikadali yotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi mbiri yakale yobwereketsa nyumba.
Komanso, osunga ndalama amakonda kugula zitetezo zobweza ngongole (MBS) panthawi yovuta yazachuma chifukwa ndi ndalama zotetezeka. Mitengo ya MBS imayang'anira chiwongola dzanja, komanso kuthamanga kwa ndalama mu MBS panthawi ya mliri kunathandizira kuti mitengo ikhale yotsika.
Mwachidule, chirichonse chimasonyeza kuti mitengo ikukwera mu 2022. Choncho musayembekezere kuti mitengo ya ngongole idzatsika chaka chino. Zitha kutsika kwakanthawi kochepa, koma titha kuwona kukwera m'miyezi ikubwerayi.
Mwachitsanzo, ndi ngongole ya 580, mukhoza kulandira ngongole yothandizidwa ndi boma, monga ngongole ya FHA. Ngongole za FHA zili ndi chiwongola dzanja chochepa, koma zimaphatikizanso inshuwaransi yanyumba, ziribe kanthu momwe mumayika.
Ngongole zanyumba zosinthika nthawi zambiri zimapereka chiwongola dzanja chocheperako kuposa chiwongola dzanja chokhazikika chazaka 30. Komabe, mitengoyo imatha kusintha pakatha nthawi yokhazikika.
70s chiwongola dzanja
Vuto la subprime mortgage crisis ku United States linali vuto lazachuma la mayiko osiyanasiyana lomwe lidachitika pakati pa 2007 ndi 2010 ndipo lidapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi a 2007-2008 [1] [2] Adayambitsidwa ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwamitengo yanyumba ku United States. Mayiko akutsatira kugwa kwa kuwira kwa nyumba, zomwe zimabweretsa kusakhulupirika kwanyumba, kutsekedwa, ndi kutsika kwamitengo yokhudzana ndi nyumba. Kutsika kwa ndalama zogulira nyumba kudayamba Kugwa Kwachuma Kwakukulu ndipo kutsatiridwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama zomwe mabanja amawononga, kenako, ndi ndalama zamabizinesi. Kuchepetsa kwa ndalama kunali kofunika kwambiri m'madera omwe ali ndi ngongole zambiri zapakhomo komanso kutsika kwamitengo ya nyumba [3].
The kuwira nyumba amene patsogolo mavuto anali ndalama ndi mortgage-backed securities (MBS) ndi collateralized ngongole obligations (CDOs), amene poyamba anapereka chiwongola dzanja apamwamba (i.e. zokolola bwino) kuposa zotetezedwa boma, pamodzi ndi chiwopsezo chochititsa chidwi mabungwe rating. Ngakhale zovuta zomwe zidayamba kuonekera kwambiri mchaka cha 2007, mabungwe akuluakulu azachuma angapo adagwa mu Seputembala 2008, ndikusokoneza kwakukulu kwamayendedwe angongole kumabizinesi ndi ogula komanso kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi[4].
