Hōʻike ʻo Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index 2022 (hou) ʻo Sepania e kūpaʻa ana i kāna mau hana e pale a hakakā i ka palaho. No ka lua o ka makahiki, hāʻule ko mākou ʻāina i hoʻokahi helu e pili ana i ka makahiki i hala, a loaʻa iā ia ka helu o 60/100 i kēia paʻi. Me kēia helu helu, ke noho nei ʻo ia i ke kūlana 35/180 i ka pae honua, kahi e manaʻo ai ka emi ʻana o ka helu e pili ana i ka IPC 20211.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi kulu o hoʻokahi kiko, ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi koʻikoʻi nui e like me ka Transparency International2 methodology, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia (e noʻonoʻo ana i kahi ala mōʻaukala) i loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala aku nei ʻo Sepania mai kahi helu o 65 (CPI). 2012) a hiki i 60. (IPC 2022), a mai ka makahiki 2019, ua emi iho ʻo Sepania i ʻelima mau wahi ma ka pae honua, e hele ana mai ke kūlana 30/180 i 2019 a i 35/180 i 2022.
Pēlā nō, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka hihia o Sepania, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka CPI 2022 i ʻewalu mau kumu o waho3, i waena o ia e kū nei i ka 2021 Executive Opinion Survey o ka World Economic Forum, e like me ka mea i hoʻemi nui ʻia ʻo Sepania i kāna helu ma ka nā ana o (i) uku maʻamau i nā lawelawe aupuni (i lalo he 0,45 mau helu i ka makahiki i hala), (ii) uku maʻamau i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana mai (lalo 0,38 mau helu) a me (iii) nā hoʻoholo hoʻokolokolo i nā hihia palaho (lalo 0,39. XNUMX mau helu. ).
Mai kēia, pono ke nīnau i ke kumu o kēia stagnation, i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i ka manawa a me nā hoʻoponopono e kali nei, ka mea e pale aku ai iā Sepania mai ka holomua ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka ʻike, anti-corruption a me ke aupuni maikaʻi.
Ma kēia ʻano, pono e wehewehe ʻia ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kānāwai 19/2013, ʻo Dekemaba 9, e pili ana i ka ʻike, ke komo ʻana i ka ʻike lehulehu a me ka hoʻokele maikaʻi e pono mau. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pūʻulu o ka poʻe loea i loko o ke ʻano o ka Open Government Forum e hana nei i kēia hoʻoponopono 4 maikaʻi loa, ke minamina nei ka wehe ʻana i ke kaʻina kūkākūkā lehulehu ma mua o ka wehewehe ʻana o ka bila i hoʻololi i ke kānāwai 19/20135. , ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia kānāwai i kekahi o nā kumuhana nui e kali nei ma Sepania.
Pēlā nō, ke kali nei ka hoʻoponopono kūpono o nā pūʻulu hoihoi (lobbies) ma ka pae aupuni, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hoʻopaʻa inoa hoʻokahi a koi ʻia o nā lobbies. No laila, i Nowemapa 2022, ua paʻi ke Kuhina Waiwai a me ka Public Function i ka Draft Law on Transparency and Integrity in the Activities of Interest Groups, ke kali nei kona ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka pāremata6. E hōʻoia i ka māliko, ka pono, a me nā manawa like no nā hui i loaʻa i nā hopena e pono ai e hōʻemi i nā pilikia o ka hoʻopunipuni, palaho, a me nā paio pili, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā kaʻina hana hoʻoholo, a hoʻonui i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka pono a me ka ʻike i nā Administration Public .
ʻO kekahi o nā kumuhana nui e kali nei ma Sepania, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kānāwai e pili ana i ka like ʻole o nā limahana ma ka lawelawe ʻana i nā ʻoihana aupuni a me ka pale ʻana i nā paio o nā ʻaoʻao hoihoi, a me ka ʻae ʻana o ke kānāwai no ka pale ʻana i nā whistleblowers). ʻO Directive (EU) 2019/1937 o ka European Parliament a me ka Council of October 23, 2019, e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka poʻe e hōʻike nei i nā hewa o ke kānāwai Union, ua hoʻololi ʻia. ʻOiai he bila ko Sepania e pili ana i kēia pili7, ʻaʻole naʻe i loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻoponopono kūpono no ia mea.
ʻOiai ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kahi palapala ʻōlelo hoʻoholo aliʻi no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa inoa o ka ʻona waiwai8 a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Sepania e holomua i kēia mea, e hoʻomau nei ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike o ka ʻona ponoʻī i kekahi o nā pilikia nui, ʻo ia hoʻi. ma hope o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo o ka Hui ʻEulopa (CJEU) e hōʻole ana i kahi hāʻawi o ka 5th EU Directive e kūʻē i ke kālā keʻokeʻo e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka lehulehu i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pono o nā hui9.
E like me ka ho'āʻo ʻana o Sepania e holomua i ka makahiki i hala i loko o kahi papa kānāwai paʻa no ka pale ʻana a me ka hakakā ʻana i ka palaho, ʻaʻole i lawa nā hana i hana ʻia e hoʻokō ai i kēia. ʻAʻole ʻo Sepania i ka hoʻolālā a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā anti-corruption ākea a transversal, nona ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa a pili i nā hui anti-corruption āpau. ʻO ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā kānāwai kūpono a hōʻano hou ʻia ʻo ia ka hana mua e hāpai i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka māliko a me ka kūpaʻa i loko o ke kaiapuni lehulehu a, ʻo ka hopena, e hāpai i nā kulekele aupuni ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hiki ai ke pale aku i ka palaho a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ke aupuni demokala hou.
1. E nānā i ka hōʻike piha ma: https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_Report_EN-web.pdf
2. No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ke kaʻina CPI a me nā kumu kumu, e nānā: https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_ShortMethodology-1.pdf, https://transparencia.org. es/ wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_SourceDescription-1.pdf a me https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CPI2022_TechnicalMethodology.pdf
3. ʻO nā punawai waho ʻewalu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka CPI 2022 i ka hihia o Sepania, penei:
– Bertelsmann Stiftung Nā hōʻailona hoʻomalu hoʻomalu 2022
- Service Risk Service 2022 mai The Economist Intelligence Unit
– Global Insight Country Risk Indicators 2021
- 2022 Manaʻo Manaʻo Manaʻo o ka IMD World Competitiveness Center Competitiveness Yearbook
– Ke alakaʻi pilikia o ka ʻāina honua 2022 na PRS Group International
– Nā ʻano like ʻole o ka Democracy (V-Dem v. 12) 2022
– Ka Manaʻo Manaʻo Manaʻo o ka World Economic Forum 2021
- Nā noiʻi loea no ka World Justice Project's 2021 Rule of Law Index
4. https://transparencia.gob.es/transparencia/transparencia_Home/index/Gobierno-abierto/Grupo-Trabajo-de-Reforma-Ley-de-Transparencia.html
5. https://www.hacienda.gob.es/es-ES/Normativa%20y%20doctrina/NormasEnTramitacion/Paginas/ConsultaAbiertas.aspx
6. No ke kiʻi ʻana i ka palapala o nā haʻawina mai Transparency International Spain (TI-E) ma ka Draft Law on Transparency and Integrity in the Activities of Interest Groups, e nānā: https://transparencia.org.es/wp-content /uploads/ 2022/12/2022_12_5_Aportaciones-APL-transparencia-de-las-actividades-de-los-grupos-intere%CC%81s-TI-Espan%CC%83a_VF.pdf
7. E nānā: https://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L14/CONG/BOCG/A/BOCG-14-A-123-5.PDF a me https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/ Mahele Thematic/Legislative Activity/Documents/APL%20INFORMANTES.pdf
8. https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/AreaTematica/ActividadLegislativa/Documentos/Real%20Decreto%20creacion%20RETIR.pdf
9. E nānā no ka ʻike hou aku https://www.transparency.org/en/press/eu-court-of-justice-delivers-blow-to-beneficial-ownership-transparency a me https://www.transparency.org / en/blog/cjeu-ruling-eu-public-ownership-profit-records-what-next-for-corporate-transparency
