Ka wai a me ka ikehu, ka ikehu a me ka wai; ʻO nā kumu waiwai ʻelua no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ola kanaka, akā i ka manawa like he mau poʻo koʻikoʻi lākou no nā kamaʻāina a me nā alakaʻi. ʻO ka mua ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi a ʻo ka lua ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i nā mahina i hala iho nei. Akā, pehea inā e hui pū lāua?
"ʻO ka wai ka ikaika o nā ʻano āpau," wahi a Leonardo Da Vinci i ke kenekulia XNUMX. Eia naʻe, pono kākou e nānā i hope. ʻO ka moʻomeheu mua i ʻike i ka wai ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka ikehu, ʻo ia ka poʻe Helene kahiko me ka hana ʻana o ka huila wai, i mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā Roma. "E pili ana ka wai a me ka ikehu a pili nui," wahi a ka United Nations (UN).
ʻO kahi kāne i hiki ke lilo i mea ʻokoʻa i nā wahie fossil? "ʻO ka hapalua lita o ka wai kai ka ikehu like me ka lita o ka aila," wahi a Thierry Lepercq, ka pelekikena o HyDeal Ambition - kahi hana ikehu hydrogen-based. ʻO 2020 i hala, e like me ka ʻikepili mai ka International Hydroelectricity Association, hydroelectric energy "ʻo ia ke kumu nui loa o ka ikehu hou i ka honua," wahi a lākou i kā lākou hōʻike 'State of Hydroelectric Energy 2020'.
Ua hoʻokumu kēia kumu ikehu i 4370 terawatt hola (TWh) o ka uila maʻemaʻe, mai ka moʻolelo mua o 4306 TWh i 2019. kikokikona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pelekikena o ka International Hydropower Association (IHA), ʻo Roger Gill, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā manaʻolana: "Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hydropower i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole e hoʻokō ʻia ke ala o ka ikehu honua i ka net zero emissions."
Loaʻa kēia ikehu mai ka wai o ka muliwai a ma Sepania ʻaʻole ia me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole mai ke kauwela i hala. "ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻae iā ia no ka mea ʻaʻole ia he kuleana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi waihona i loko o ʻeono pule e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana turbine," i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ʻAukake Teresa Ribera, ke kolu o ka pelekikena ʻekolu a me ke kuhina no ka Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana e pili ana i ka haʻalele ʻana. mai Ricobayo (Zamora) a me Valdecañas (Cáceres) mai Iberdrola.
Waihona hakahaka. -AFP
Ma o ka wehe ʻana i ka wai, mālama nā mea kanu hydroelectric i ka ikehu hou ma o ke ʻano o nā turbines. Ua hele ka wai ma ke ʻano o nā awāwa i loko o ka waihona wai a hiki iā ia ke hoʻāla i kēia mau mea, no laila e hōʻike ana i ka ikehu mechanical, a ʻo ka lua paʻakai he kahawai wai, ua hele a hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka muliwai. Hoʻopili pololei i ka turbine ka alternator, ka mea e hoʻohuli i ka ikehu mechanical i loaʻa i ka turbine i ikehu uila.
ikehu uliuli
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoihoi i ke kai ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka ikehu, akā i kēia hihia ʻaʻole ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka adjective, akā uliuli. I ka unuhi ʻana i ka ikehu mai ke kai me kēia lepili waihoʻoluʻu, ʻo ka osmosis ke kī, kahi hana kino kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā wai ʻelua me nā ʻokoʻa o ka paʻakai e kahi membrane semipermeable, kahi e kahe ai ka wai me ka liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai i ka mea nona ka paʻakai. nui loa.
He ʻenehana no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki 70 a ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka wai kai a me ka wai maʻemaʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i kēlā membrane, ka mea e pale ai i ke kūʻai ʻana mai ka hele ʻana a hiki i ka wai ke hele. He kahe maoli kēia mai ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka mea nui loa a hoʻokau i kahi kaomi i kapa ʻia ʻo osmotic, kahi e neʻe ai ka turbine.
Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka pālua o ke kumukūʻai o ka megawatt e pono ai no ka ikehu polū. No laila, no ka manawa, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke au, ka nalu a me ke kai ka mea nui i ka unuhi ʻana i ka ikehu mai nā wai kai. I ka hihia mua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kaʻina hopu i nā mea hoʻololi i ka ikehu kinetic e like me nā turbines makani i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia hihia i nā hoʻonohonoho ʻana i lalo o ka wai.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia ka ikehu nalu, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikehu i hana ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o ka nalu o ka ʻili o ka mea wai kai.
Hānau ʻia ka hydrogen mai ke kai mai
Ke holomua nei nā mahina a me nā makahiki, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hydrogen ma ke ʻano he vector hoʻohui i ka ikehu i nā mea hou aku kahiko. ʻO ka hydrogen kekahi o nā mea me ka nui o ka noho ʻana ma ka Honua, akā pili mau ia, ʻaʻole ia e kaʻawale.
ʻO ia ke kumu o ka hapa nui o nā papahana sober i hoʻolālā ʻia he vector ikehu e pili ana i ka lā, ka makani a i ʻole ka wai. ʻO ka pololei, he nui nā mea paʻa o ka mea wai a ʻo kekahi o lākou he hydrogen.
Eia nō naʻe, no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, pono e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ka oxygen, ʻo ia ke kumu e pono ai e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai ma o nā au uila. He hana i kapa ʻia he electrolysis.
I kēia lā, ma muli o nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o kēia ʻenehana, ua lawe wale ʻia me ka wai hou a ma mua o nā mea āpau, ke kinoea kūlohelohe e hoʻoulu i kēia vector ikehu. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā haʻawina like ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai kai ma ke ʻano he koho no ka hana hydrogen.
I kēia mau lā, ua hāʻawi ka State Research Agency, e hilinaʻi ana i ka Ministry of Science and Innovation, i ke kōkua i ka papahana i alakaʻi ʻia e nā mea noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Cantabria (UC) i kapa ʻia ʻo "S2H, Analysis of the efficiency in the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen to. o ka wai kai.
Mālama ka papahana S2H i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā algae me ke kaʻina hana i hoʻohana ʻia me ka wai hou, akā nā mea kanu e hoʻopiha i kēia wai, pēlā e pale ai i nā kumu wai ʻāina.
Ma kēia ala, e kamaʻilio mua ka papahana S2H i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā photocatalysts e hana ana i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka wai kai.
