KOKOA
Inā pili kēia ʻatikala i ke ola a me ka hana a ka mea kākau ʻo Nikolai Gógol, ka mea kākau o 'Tarás Bulba' (1835), 'Dead Souls' (1842) a i ʻole 'Stories of Saint Petersburg', ʻaʻohe koho akā e nīnau i ka poʻe heluhelu. i ka nui o ke ahonui, akā, he hana pa'akikī ka 'ai ma ka mo'olelo a me ka ho'oholo 'ana i ka lāhui. Hānau ʻia ma Soróchintsy - kahi kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi i nalowale iā ia i ka Ukraine, akā i ka makahiki 1809 i lilo i ʻāpana o ka Russian Empire-, hele mai ʻo Gógol mai kahi ʻohana o ka aristocracy Ukrainian-Polish, ʻoiai ua kākau ka mea kākau moʻolelo i kāna hana ma ka ʻōlelo a nā Tsars. a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻoikaika nui o ka ʻōlelo a Pushkin.
"ʻO ka makuahine o Gogol i kapa iā ia ʻo Nikola, ʻo ia ka hui ʻana o ka Russian Nikolai a me ka Ukrainian Mikola," wahi a 'Russia's People of Empire' (Indiana University Press, 2012).
"Ua kānalua ka noiʻi no kēia mea, akā e like me kā Gogol i ʻike ai, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia kona kupuna kāne ʻo Ostap Hohol e ka Mōʻī o Polani ma muli o nā lawelawe i ka Commonwealth Polish-Lithuania i kona wā kaua me Russia," wehewehe kēia ʻatikala. "Ma ka neʻe ʻana i Saint Petersburg - ua hoʻohui ʻo ia-, ua lilo ka ʻaoʻao Ukrainian a me Polani o Gógol i ʻāpana o kona ʻike pono e aʻo ʻia e mālama pono."
Hānau ʻia i kēia lā ʻo Ukraine a he mamo na ka ʻohana hanohano Polani-Ukrainian, ua kākau ʻo Gogol i kāna hana ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkini. I ka makahiki 2009, ua hoʻomaka ka bicentenary o kona hānau ʻana i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻino ma waena o Moscow a me Kiev.
He mau kenekulia ma hope mai, ʻo ka scrupulolosity e pili ana i kona kumu - ʻo Gógol kahi mea kākau Lūkia a i ʻole Ukrainian? - alakaʻi iā Moscow a me Kiev e komo i loko o kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa moʻomeheu ʻano pupule i ka makahiki 2009, e hoʻololi ana i ka pilina paʻakikī ma waena o nā mea ʻelua i ke kula palapala. ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hopena o ka make ʻana o ka Soviet Union. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka skein o kāna mōʻaukala, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hui ʻana o Rūsia a me Ukraine a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho i ka wā lōʻihi, ua lilo ia i mau mahina i hana e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo a me kahi hakakā e hoʻoulu ai i kahi pōʻino hou ma ka ʻāina i pau ʻole mai ʻEulopa.
he wahi kaao
E like me ka mea maʻamau, hoʻokala nā manaʻo i nā pahi kaua. "Makemake au e kahakaha ʻo ka pā i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma waena o Rūsia a me Ukraine, ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka moʻolelo like ʻole a me ka ʻuhane, e hōʻike ana iaʻu i ko mākou pōʻino nui loa a me ka pōʻino maʻamau," i kanikau ai ʻo ia i Iulai 2021 . Ua kaapuni ka Peresidena o Rusia, o Vladimir Putin, i ka palapala aina e hiki ai ke kukakuka ma ka palapala Kremlin. Me ka manaʻo o kahi ʻatikala, he leka ia i noʻonoʻo ai i ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻāina ʻelua a hōʻole i ka hopena o kāna mau hewa ponoʻī a me nā ulia pōpilikia i make i ko lākou hopena like. Wahi a ka luna KGB mua, ʻo ka Orthodox Christianity, ʻo ka ʻōlelo a me nā kuʻuna ke kumu o ka lāʻau i mālama i nā lāhui ʻelua, e ulu ana mai kahi mamao ʻo Kievan Rus '.
Hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kenekulia 1 AD, ʻo ka mokuʻāina Slavic o Kievan Rus' (Map 2013) e hoʻonui i kahi hapa o Russia, Belarus, a me Ukraine i kēia manawa. "ʻO ke kikowaena o Rus ma ke ala e hele ai mai Novgorod a i Kiev, ma nā kahawai nui," wahi a Paul Bushkovitch i kāna 'History of Russia' (Akal, XNUMX). Mai nā ululāʻau coniferous o ke kūkulu ʻākau - i manaʻo ʻia he hōʻailona aupuni e ka poʻe Lūkini, inu ʻia ka birch sap a hoʻohana ʻia kāna lāʻau e hana i nā kīʻaha - i nā ululāʻau deciduous o ka hema, ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo Rūsia hema ka home o "ka lepo maikaʻi loa. ʻeleʻele a haʻahaʻa", ʻāina kūpono no ka mahiʻai.
"ʻAʻohe mauna, ʻaʻohe puʻu pili, e wāwahi ana i kēia mau pāpū ma waena o Polani a me nā Urals," wahi a Bushkovitch me ka kuhikuhi. He nānā kahiko kēia me nā hopena mōʻaukala koʻikoʻi. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mokuʻāina - ka like me nā Pyrenees no Sepania a i ʻole nā Alps no Italia-, ua loaʻa kēia ʻāpana o ka pāpū ʻEulopa i nā loli palena e wehewehe ana i ka paʻakikī o kona wā i hala a me nā kaua weliweli. ua kaua ʻia ma laila. "Inā i hana ke Akua i mau mauna ma Ukraine - 'ōlelo a Tim Marshal ironically i loko o 'Prisoners of Geography' (Peninsula, 2015) -, ka nui ākea o ka 'āina me ka 'ole o nā pōʻino 'āina i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka hoʻouka pinepine ʻana i ka pāpū ʻĀkau ʻEulopa. Lukia".
Ua wehewehe kēia mea pale ʻole i ka nui o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Napoleon i ka makahiki 1812 a me ka Operation Barbarossa - ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā Nazi o ka Soviet Union, i hoʻomaka i Iune 1941-, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi e nalowale ana ʻo Kievan Rus i ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, i kahili ʻia. e na holo lio Mongol. I kēia manawa, ua kaʻawale nā ala o Rusia a me Ukraine, ʻaʻole e hui hou a hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMX. Pono e hana i kekahi mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka mea i hana ʻia i kēlā manawa. ʻO ka mua, i ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hāʻule ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina mua o Rus i ka lima o ka Grand Duchy o Lithuania; He mau makahiki hou ma hope mai, ua māhele ʻia kēia hoʻonui ʻia o ka ʻāina ma waena o Polani a me Lithuania. Pono ʻoe e kū ma ke ala e wehewehe kikoʻī i ke ʻano o ia hana.
he ala lōʻihi i hope
"I nā makahiki i hala iho nei o ke kenekulia 2016, ua komo ka Tsardom hou o Rusia a me ka Grand Duchy o Lithuania i kahi hakakā lōʻihi ma luna o ka hoʻoilina o Kievan Rus'," wehewehe ʻo Serhii Plokhy i ka 'A History of Ukraine' (Penguin Books, 1569). I loko o ke kenekulia 2, ua kū kēia mau hakakā me ke kua o ke kau inoa ʻana o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Union of Lublin (3), kahi i hānau ʻia ai kahi mokuʻāina hou a ikaika ma ʻEulopa. ʻO kona helu ka Repubalika o nā Aupuni ʻelua a i ʻole ka Commonwealth Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Maps XNUMX a me XNUMX), a ʻo kona mau panalāʻau ʻo ke Aupuni Polani, ka Grand Duchy o Lithuania, Ukraine, a me Belarus. ʻO kāna ʻōnaehana kālaiʻāina he aupuni mōʻī elective kahi i paʻa ʻole ai ka mōʻī i ka mana piha, no ka mea, ua kaupalena ʻia ia e kahi pāremata bicameral ('Sejm'). Ma muli o kona nui, ʻokoʻa ka lehulehu o ka Repubalika host, me nā ʻano hoʻomana nui.
Ma waho aʻe o ka hānau ʻana o ka Repubalika ulu o nā Aupuni ʻelua, ua hoʻohana pū ka Union of Lublin i ka wehe ʻana o Ukraine a me Belarus ma lalo o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mana, ʻoiai ua noho ʻo Ukraine ma ke aka o ke Aupuni Polani a me Belarus, ma ke aka o ke aupuni nui o Polani, Lithuania. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kūpono kēia, ʻoiai e wehewehe ana i ka kaʻawale ʻana o ʻelua mau ʻāina o Rus mua. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka Russian Tsardom ikaika wale nō, ʻo ke kolu o lākou, i kūʻokoʻa, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ana i ka hōʻiliʻili i nā kūleʻa pūʻali koa me kāna hana belicose a me ka hoʻonui.
Ma o ke kau inoa ʻana o ke Kuikahi o Andrusovo (1667), ua lilo ka ʻāina ʻo Ukrainian ma ka hikina o ka muliwai Dnieper, me Kiev, i ʻāpana o ka Tsardom Rusia (Map 3). Ua haʻalele ka ʻāina ma ke komohana i ka Repubalika o nā Aupuni ʻelua i ke kenekulia 1772, i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ai nā ʻāpana ʻekolu o Polani (1795-XNUMX) ma waena o ke Aupuni Lūkini a me ka Emepera Roma Hemolele. ʻO Lviv (Lviv), ke kūlanakauhale kahi i hoʻoneʻe ai ʻo ʻAmelika i kāna ʻelele i kekahi mau lā i hala aku nei ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka hakakā ma Donbass, ua ulu aʻe i ka mālamalama o nā Habsburgs o Vienna. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke noho nei kahi hapa nui o Hungarian ma kēia wahi, kahi e ʻōlelo ai ke Kuhina Nui o Hungary, ʻo Víctor Orbán, i ka hōʻole ʻana i kāna kākoʻo iā Kiev i ka hakakā ʻana me Moscow, ma muli o ka hana ʻino ʻana i loaʻa iā lākou ma ka lima o ka Ukrainian. nā mana.
Hoʻopaʻapaʻa me Kremlin
Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Mua a me ka decomposition o ka Austro-Hungarian Empire, ka ʻāina mōʻaukala o Eastern Galicia, kēlā ʻāpana o ka ʻāina kahi i noho ai ʻo Lviv, ua hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka Repubalika ʻElua o Polani, i nalowale me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka Nazi a me ka Soviet ma hope o ke kaua. ka pūlima o ka Ribbentrop-Molotov pact (1939). E like me ia makahiki (Map 4), ua hui pū ʻia ka ʻāina komohana loa o Ukraine me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka ʻāina. Ma ke ʻano he repubalika socialist o ka Soviet Union, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā palena wehewehe o ka mokuʻāina i ke kenekulia 1940, me ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻĀkau Bukovina a me kahi hapa o Bessarabia (1945), Transcarpathia (1954), a me ka peninsula Crimean i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia (XNUMX). ).
I ka loaʻa ʻana o kona kūʻokoʻa i ʻAukake 1991, ua hoʻopau ʻo Ukraine i nā makahiki i hala iho nei me ka pilikia o ka pilina pili me Kremlin, ka mea i hoʻohui iā Crimea i Malaki 2014 a ke kākoʻo nei i nā kipi pro-Russian ma ka ʻāina ʻo Donbass (Map 5). ʻO ka mea e hoʻomaka ai i nā lā e hiki mai ana e hoʻoholo inā loli hou nā palapala ʻāina.
ʻO ka Pelekikena Lūkini Vladimir Putin me kahi palapala ʻāina o Rūsia ma hope o 2006 - AFP
ʻO ka noʻonoʻo nui i hoʻolaha i nā mahina i hala aku nei ka piʻi ʻana o ka pilikia
Ua kākauʻo Pelekikena Vladimir Putin i kahi palapala'āina nui i ke kauwela i hala aku nei i noʻonoʻo aiʻo ia i ka moʻolelo o Rusia a me Ukraine a ua hoʻoholoʻo ia "ʻo ka mana maoli o Ukraine e hiki ke hana wale me Rusia." "Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kā mākou pilina ʻuhane, kanaka a me ka civilization i nā kenekulia a ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā kaʻina hana maʻamau, nā hoʻokō a me nā kūleʻa," wahi a ke alakaʻi Kremlin. "Ua hui mau mākou a e ʻoi aku ka ikaika a ʻoi aku ka lanakila."
ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoihoi loa o ke kaʻa e pili ana i ka wī nui i make ai 3,9 miliona Ukrainians i ka makahiki 30, i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Holodomor'. ʻOiai ua hōʻoia ʻo Putin ua loaʻa nā ʻeha o kēlā pae i nā Soviets ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka poʻe loea e like me Anne Applebaum i hoʻomau i ka 'Holodomor' i hele pū ʻia me kahi kaʻina hana o ka luku ʻana i ka ʻike aupuni o Ukraine i hoʻoulu ʻia mai ka USSR. .
